Jiang reads the Communist Manifesto's specter as Marx's replacement Geist: communism is imagined as the inevitable world spirit that old authorities try to exorcise.
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1848
A source-grounded reading of the nation-state as war machine: Rousseau turns liberty into sovereignty, Fichte turns language into blood, Bismarck turns welfare into war infrastructure, Mussolini turns myth into death, and 21st-century war turns...
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Topic Scope And Freshness
A source-grounded reading of the nation-state as war machine: Rousseau turns liberty into sovereignty, Fichte turns language into blood, Bismarck turns welfare into war infrastructure, Mussolini turns myth into death, and 21st-century war turns...
Key Notes
Jiang contrasts violent suppression elsewhere in 1848 with Prussian concessions, arguing Prussian rulers respected citizens because unity was necessary for survival amid enemies.
The Congress of Vienna built a successful balance-of-power peace, but suppressing war left social tension that later erupted in 1848 revolutions and continuous wars.
Jiang explains revolutions such as 1848 through converging pressures rather than single causes, including climate shocks, economic collapse, state-finance breakdown, new communication media, and new industrial classes.
Jiang says human history repeatedly experiences mini Ice Age or 'killer year' events that trigger famine, social collapse, and political upheaval, citing the Bronze Age collapse and the 1848 revolutions as examples.
Timestamped Evidence
"time, if you go back in human history, 1848, the French Revolutions, there was no way at that time that people could have predicted..."
"And you also had an uncontrolled new medium of communication in the printing press. There were newsletters flying everywhere, stirring up discontentment and coordinating..."
"There were newsletters flying everywhere, stirring up discontentment and coordinating it. And you also had new industrial productions. You had a new economy. You..."
"...mini Ice Age and um I believe the last one was 1848 in Europe and that created a famine which led to the 1848..."
"...to prepare for it. Okay? Now, what will happen is the 1848 revolutions are calling for three things. They're calling for nationalism nation states..."
"And it is an amazing document. It's beautifully written. I don't think they get enough credit for how wonderful this is written. Okay? But..."
"And they were very successful at that until 1848, when the middle class, when the workers rebelled in 17 different places. You will notice..."
"And now people are really, really angry. So they erect barricades. They're getting ready for civil war. This is another French Revolution. And at..."
"And they war. He and his ministers war the revolutionary tricolor of black, red, and gold, which is, by the way, the flag of..."
"All right, so eventually Napoleon is defeated. This is called the Congress of Vienna, and it will lead to something called the Consul of..."
"...will rise up against you, okay? And that's what happened in 1848 during the revolutions, when all of Europe was engulfed in revolutions. We..."
"You can either have your soldiers go to war or they will revolt against you. That's your choice, all right? And so this will..."
Relevant Lectures And Readings
A source-grounded reading of the nation-state as war machine: Rousseau turns liberty into sovereignty, Fichte turns language into blood, Bismarck turns welfare into war infrastructure, Mussolini turns myth into death, and 21st-century war turns...
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