Classical/literary Chinese, treated by Jiang as a hard elite skill and bureaucratic monopoly language.
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Wenyan
Classical/literary Chinese, treated by Jiang as a hard elite skill and bureaucratic monopoly language.
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Timestamped Evidence
"Does that make sense? If you don't do it this way, if it's just the best and brightest, then what will happen is, like,..."
"Okay? And that's where we have the alphabet. Because of this evolution of language in Egypt. It was the Egyptians who developed this system...."
"...monopoly over status, literacy, and culture through three mechanisms. The Kuju, Wenyan, literary Chinese, and Confucianism. Okay? And that stopped the development of... That..."
Relevant Lectures And Readings
China had the technologies that made modernity possible, then built a political culture that made those technologies inert.
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