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Ibn Fadlan's funeral description must be used skeptically because he lacked the language and cultural worldview, wrote after the fact, and interpreted the ritual through a Muslim observer's frame.
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Source Criticism
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A transcript-matched topic anchored by excerpts such as "And this happened in the Viking Rus. So this is diplomat and traveler by the name of Ahmad ibn Badlan. And he is from..."
Key Notes
evidence
Jiang cautions that Greek and Roman charges about Carthaginian child sacrifice are enemy testimony, though he also cites archaeological remains as supporting evidence for human sacrifice.
Timestamped Evidence
Transcript
"And this happened in the Viking Rus. So this is diplomat and traveler by the name of Ahmad ibn Badlan. And he is from..."
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"What this tells us is first of all this man even though he was high status he didn't have that much wealth. And second..."
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"The third thing is he is writing this down after the fact. And if you do that what often happens is that you will..."
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"the conflict started in about 300 BCE, the Romans and the Greeks had nice things to say about the Carthaginians. Okay? They were good..."
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"same time, we've done a lot of archaeological excavations around Carthage and we have found human remains that show signs of human sacrifice. Okay?..."
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Relevant Lectures And Readings
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The Vikings do not look important because they left fewer books.
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Hannibal can destroy an army, but he cannot make Rome accept defeat.
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