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Virgil does not simply answer Homer.
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The Greeks developed the alphabet because Greece was not isolated and could receive innovations through Egyptian and Phoenician contact after becoming illiterate.
"...it was the Egyptians who developed um, the alphabet. Um, the Phoenicians were traders. And they, the Phoenicians connected the Egyptian culture to everyone..."
"...lies my love, there lies my homeland now. If you, a Phoenician, fix your eyes on Carthage, a Libyan stronghold, tell me, why do..."
"...in public. So the Aztecs were really famous for this. The Phoenicians, specifically the Carthaginians. We will discuss them later this semester but the..."
"...this happens? Why do the Aztecs do it? Why do the Phoenicians do it? Why do the Romans do it? And why is it..."
"...developed this system. And then the Greeks stole it through the Phoenicians. Okay? All right? So most cultures follow this pattern. Because now it's..."
"...also, Carthage comes from Phoenicia, right? We know a lot about Phoenician culture. Okay? So, we've lost a lot of information about Carthage but..."
"...to fight against Greece, which included Egypt. Okay? Which included the Phoenicians, which also included Greeks who lived in the territory of Persia. Okay?..."
The lecture asks how evil triumphs and answers with a disturbing mechanism: break the taboo publicly, remove retreat, and the group becomes one body.
China had the technologies that made modernity possible, then built a political culture that made those technologies inert.
Hannibal can destroy an army, but he cannot make Rome accept defeat.
Greek history begins with geography, but it ends here as a theory of abundance, blocked status, and pointless war: when the line stops moving, the young do not overthrow the old order directly.
Greek civilization begins as a reversal: chaos, illiteracy, and poverty force the polis, the alphabet, and Homer, until poetry teaches a new human being how to see, feel, and think.
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