---
title: "Civilization #1:  Explaining Humanity's Transition to Agriculture transcript"
description: "Source-synced transcript archive for Civilization #1: Explaining Humanity's Transition to Agriculture."
source_title: "Civilization #1:  Explaining Humanity's Transition to Agriculture"
published_at: "2024-08-29"
source_class: "episode"
public_url: "https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/"
markdown_url: "https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript.md"
text_url: "https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript.txt"
source_url: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0"
data_url: "https://jianglens.com/data/lens/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0.json"
---

# Civilization #1:  Explaining Humanity's Transition to Agriculture transcript

- Source: [Civilization #1:  Explaining Humanity's Transition to Agriculture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0)
- Published: 2024-08-29, day precision
- Human transcript page: [/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/)
- Episode page: [/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/)
- Transcript Markdown: [/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript.md](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript.md)
- Transcript text: [/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript.txt](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript.txt)
- Episode JSON: [/data/lens/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0.json](https://jianglens.com/data/lens/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0.json)

## Transcript

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Okay, so in this first lecture, I want to ask a question. The question is Why did humanity transition from hunter -gatherer society to agriculture? And in the traditional paradigm, a paradigm paradigm is a very sophisticated English word and all it means is Story or model or understanding. Okay, so in a traditional story paradigm we transition because We're first hunter -gatherers and we lived in groups about 20 to 50 people and we roam The land looking for food. It was uncertain. It was unstable and then suddenly There's a revolution. We discover farming and farming provided a Stable source of food that we could control. Okay, the word we use is domestication Okay, domestication just means that we bring it under our control and because of farming we can now create more food than we need and the word we use for this is surplus and Because there's a surplus People now could do things besides farming

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So for example, we could have Leaders which creates the idea of politics, right? We could also have priests Which introduces the idea of religion? and we can have creative people which then gives us arts and slowly over time These villages grew into cities and because there was a lot of people in our surplus we could now have literature reading and writing So we can now store knowledge and then pass it from generation to generation and across cultures okay, we're gonna have science and technology and slowly over the course of this process We create modernity, okay Which is the world that we live in today? So the pivotal step towards modernity was this transition into our culture and this is traditionally What we believed about the world Unfortunately, there's no evidence for this Okay, and in fact the more evidence we collect the more we realize This is not true. In fact, what we now know

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is it was actually pretty stupid To transition from hunter -gatherer into farming Okay for a variety of reasons the first reason is that When you're a hunter -gatherer It's actually a pretty easy life because there's food everywhere. Okay, when you're a farmer It's a hard life because you have to grow that food. So maybe maybe it's a hunter -gatherer You're working maybe an hour a day, but as a farmer you were working six seven hours a day It was very hard to grow that food so in the book Sapiens the Israeli Israeli Historian named you well Harari. He's very famous it Sapiens also very famous book. There's a very famous sentence Okay, and so this is like this we did not domesticate wheat wheat Domesticated us. Okay, so we thought that we made wheat Okay, the food wheat into our slave, but in reality wheat made us its slave and the reasoning for this is

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this out in nature if You're wheat and you want to survive you have to make yourself attractive to other people and to animals Okay, so you have to be tasty and you have to be easy to find You have to do a lot of work But when you're on a farm in your wheat, you can just lay back do nothing and make humans do all the work Okay, so it was a bad deal for humans and a very good deal for Wheat, okay, so that's the first problem you actually do more work on the farm than you do as a hunter -gatherer Which means that now you have to have more children, right? You need up labor to do all that work which creates a problem of overpopulation Which means that you are using too much land and then eventually the land becomes dead. Okay, or Not airboy anymore so it's the first problem second

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problem is that we're able to dig up the skeletons of hunter -gatherers and farmers and what we read and what we see is that Hunter -gatherers are a lot taller than farmers. Why? protein right food as a hunter -gatherer you have access to Meat you have access to fruits and nuts and vegetables. Okay, your diet is very varied And very nutritious But as a farmer you're eating only what you grow which is mainly wheat and some vegetables Okay, so you're not getting that much nutrition then the third problem is that is as a Farmer you were much more likely to die early Than either hunter -gatherer Why have you guys been to a farm? What's the problem on a farm? Exactly. Thank you pigs, right? Animals they're everywhere plus where do you put the garbage? Where do you go to the restroom, right? So because people are together in a very unclean place It's much more likely to contract disease and then die Okay.

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So for these three reasons the transition from hunter -gatherer to farming makes no sense and even today we are not able To explain to you why this transition happened Okay, we don't know why why we did this So the only thing we can do is construct theories as to why this might have happened so even though we can't go in the past and Look at why we did this We can do some research and collect evidence and then create theories as to why this might have happened. Okay, so There are four different disciplines From which we can collect evidence The first discipline is called archaeology Archaeology is just the study of the past. So basically you go and you pick stuff up and you see what you can find Okay, maybe you can pick up someone's house or you can pick up someone's skeleton or someone's

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Clothing okay, and from that you're able to figure out what happened in the past and so three pieces of evidence market archaeology We will look at today are Gobekli Tepe Jericho and Katara, Hawaii, okay, and these are places that we've actually dug up and we know what life is like in these three places That's so much archaeology Second discipline we can look at is anthropology and anthropology Is the study of other cultures So in other words, there are places still on this planet where people Live a hunter -gatherer lifestyle Maybe in the Amazon, maybe in Australia, maybe in Africa Okay, and so we're able to go and study these people to understand why how Originally we thought and why we might have transitioned into farming. Okay, so anthropology the third field that we can look at is psychology or neuroscience Basically how the brain works How do we feel? What motivates us? Why do we behave the way we behave?

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Okay, so that's a third field we can look at the last field we can look at is primatology a study of primates, okay or monkeys Because guess what guys we're monkeys. We're primates 99 % of our DNA are monkey DNA so we can look at certain groups of monkeys to understand how they behave and there are three types of Primates that we look at very closely Okay, the first is gorillas. We also look at chimpanzees and we look at banal bulls. Okay Chimpanzees and bonobos are very close to us genetically, they're the closest to us of all the primates so By looking at these four different fields We're able to collect evidence to construct theories as to why we transition from hunter -gatherer into farming Okay So now I will share some of these Theories with you and again, what's really important to understand is we don't know what happened

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We can only guess about what happened so the first theory is the idea of coercion Okay, and what this basically means is that there's an elite group of people who didn't want to work So they made everyone else work Okay, so that's coercion and the evidence for this is that well guess what? Gorillas do this right if you study gorillas, you will see that they always have an alpha male The male who's bigger than everyone else and who makes everyone do all the work He just sits and naps every day, but he gets all the girls and he gets all the food Okay, so gorillas That's the first theory. The second theory is war Okay, and the idea here is that if you are on a Farm, it's easier to protect yourself in a time of war if you're out in the forest, right? You can build walls around your farm you can Defend yourself a lot easier.

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You can see the enemy coming. Okay, so War the evidence for this is that Chimpanzees, okay again who are like us They go to war a lot. They're very violent. They're always fighting each other so the argument here is that We human beings are just a violent People who are always at war and we must be afraid of each other and therefore When we have the chance we'll settle down build fortifications build walls and fight each other Okay, that's the second theory. And again the evidence for this are chimpanzees. The third theory is respect for elders meaning that as a hunter -gatherer It's very hard on old people, right? so at a certain point You're gonna have to leave the old people to just stay there and die and maybe we as human beings we are biologically programmed to take care of elders for whatever reason okay, and again, the evidence for this is anthropology where every culture Respects its elders, right?

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So that's a third theory the last theory is religion okay, meaning that we settle down in order to celebrate a religion to practice a religion and Just to be clear There's evidence and arguments for all four theories and there are scholars who argued for different theories Okay but the consensus what most people agree on Today, okay, most scholars not every scholar but most scholars is Religion, okay So let me explain why we think the answer has to be religion slowly. All right, okay so coercion While it is true that with gorillas, there's an alpha male Who controls everything? The problem is that if you look at gorillas the alpha male is huge, okay? Okay? And males are a lot bigger than females. So it's possible for one gorilla to exert force and pressure on the others, okay? With human beings, that's harder, right?

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Because let's just say a nine foot giant human being comes into this room and is like, I'm now your boss, you have to grow fruit for me, you have to give me all your woman, okay? What can we do as a class? Beat the crap out of him, okay, you understand? Because we have big brains, and these big brains allow us to cooperate together, okay? So this guy's around, and at first we're afraid of him, so we let him do whatever he wants. But then he goes to bed, and then we as a class discuss, hey, what can we do? Well, we can make weapons, right? Or we can trap him, or we can trick him, we can give him poison food, okay? So coercion among humans is very, very hard to do. The worst case scenario, we can't beat him up, what we'll do is just run away, okay? Does that make sense? So we don't

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think coercion is an explanation, because there's so many ways for us to fight back and to rebel against bigger people, okay? So coercion doesn't really work. War. Okay, so we don't think war is a good explanation either. So it is true that chimpanzees are naturally violent, okay? They're always beating the crap out of each other. But guess what? Bonobos, who are actually closer to us genetically than chimpanzees, they're actually very peaceful. They don't fight each other, okay? So there's no evidence. There's no evidence that we human beings are naturally violent. Also, if it is war, then we should be able to find weapons, and we don't really find weapons, okay? In archeology, we don't really find weapons of early humans. Now, there is a lot of violence in early human history, okay? There's human sacrifice, there's group burials, where a group of people are killed. But that's basically violence within a group. We don't find evidence of large violence among different groups, okay?

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We don't find that. So, war, we don't really think is a possibility. Now, it's possible that in the future, we'll find evidence. But I'm just saying that right now, in archeology and anthropology, we do not have any evidence, okay? The last, let me look at respect for elders. The last thing, we look at respect for elders. And even though this is a valid theory, there's an argument that back then they didn't really care about dying that much. And the reason why is that for most of human history, we human beings have seen life, history, as a circle, right? So, for example, right now it's summer, it's going to turn into fall, then winter, then spring, then summer again, okay? So, the world, history, moves in a cycle. Well, human life also moves in a cycle. You're born, you die, then you're reborn, then you die again, then you're reborn again, okay?

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So, back then, they really didn't care if you died. In fact, if you're an old person. You're probably like, you know what, I'd rather be dead, and then, so, if I die, I'll either be reborn or go into the spirit world, okay? So, they didn't really fear death, or they really didn't see death like the way we saw death, yeah? Okay, that's a great question, okay? So, the evidence for this is what we understand about their religion, which we will discuss later on and in next class, okay? All right, the last, so, that leaves religion as the most likely. Possibility, and this, again, this is what most scholars believe happened, and so, we're gonna look at three different archeological sites. The first is Gobekli Tepe, the second is Jericho, and the third is Katahoyak, okay? All right, so, I'm gonna draw up a, I'm, we'll first see a picture of Gobekli Tepe, and guys, these pictures, okay?

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These places were only discovered in the past few decades, okay? So, these are new places. We're only starting to understand these places, and so, this place is in Turkey, in central Turkey, and this dates back about 9,500 B.C. So, this is, this is about over 11,000 years old, and we don't even think this is the oldest place, okay? So, if you did your research, you will know that this is basically a place of religious worship. You can see that they constructed this place so that there are these T -shaped pillars, okay? And these things are huge, right? This is a human being, and this is a T -shaped pillar, okay? We think, again, this is all theory, okay? This is all what we know, and we don't know that much because this is all recent, okay? But we think that these T -shapes represent human beings, okay?

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These T -shapes are animals, and you can see that they align, or they built this, this T -shape in a way that they can practice a ritual or a worship, okay? So, the people who are leading this were probably who we call shamans, okay? Or religious leaders that help us bridge our world with the animal world and the spirit world, okay? So, these are shamans. Okay? And so, Gobekli Tepe is a place of religious worship. Now, what's interesting about Gobekli Tepe is that the religious site is the oldest, but we also find houses that are built later on, okay? So, what we think might have happened here is that hunter -gatherers will come to a place now and then to practice religion. Because ultimately, as human beings, and we discussed this last class, we have a yearning, or we have a need to understand why, and religion solves this problem for us. Also, as hunter -gatherer, you need to associate with other hunter -gatherers in order to find mates, okay?

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To find husbands and wives to reproduce. And so, this sort of religious center, it's a great time to come and practice your religion, but it's also a great time to feast and to meet someone you can marry and have children with, okay? So, that was the original function of the temple. Now, these places are often led by shamans, and what makes them special is that they are charismatic leaders, okay? Charismatic leaders. Charismatic leaders are people like Mao Zedong, Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, okay? They're people who, for whatever reason, people just love them and want to follow them, okay? And so, maybe what happened was that these charismatic leaders, they built this place, and they became like celebrities, and people came from all over to meet them, to hear the religion, and to meet other people. And over time, some people even chose to stay with them and build houses to celebrate them, okay?

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And then, when they died, what happened was they still worshiped them in their death. And so, this place became a temple, okay? Does that make sense? So, that's one theory about Kobletepe. There are other theories, okay? There are some people who will tell you that, okay? Space aliens came down and built this place because it's so sophisticated, okay? But, so there are different theories, but the one that scholars most agree with today, okay, is that it was a religious center. Any questions before I move on to, before I move on? Okay, so that's a great question, okay? Where does religion come from? And this is something that we will look at very closely next class. And the answer is, is this, okay? Even though we all have the need for religion, we don't all have the ability to produce religion, okay?

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So, who these charismatic leaders are, are people who have visions or dreams of God or the spirit world, okay? And then, they present their visions to other people. And we have people like this throughout human history, right? So, think of Jesus. Think of Mohammed. Think of Buddha. Think of Confucius, right? These are people who have these visions of God or of spirituality or of a new world, and present to people. And because they're charismatic, they're able to attract followers and spread their religion. And that's what probably happened here as well. Because as you can see from this picture, it was very hard work to build this temple, okay? This is 11,000 years ago. They didn't have bulldozers. They didn't have shovels, okay? This is all by hand. So, for them to want to dedicate their lives to building this temple, because it took a long, long time, right? It took years and years and hundreds of people.

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Well, you needed something called religious devotion, right? Faith. Does that make sense? Okay? And again, throughout human history, we've seen this, right? So, think of Christians. Think of Buddhists. Think of Muslims. Religious faith. So, that's what built this, okay? So, does that answer your question? Okay. Any more questions before I continue? Yeah? Okay. So, that's a good question. Why is a temple structured like this, okay? And the answer is that, there's cosmological significance to the structure, meaning that on a certain time of the year, what will happen is that the sun will hit this place in a certain way. So, it's almost like a clock. Does that make sense to you guys? They designed this in a way so they can tell time. But their intention was not to tell time. Their intention was to connect with the outer world, right? Does that make sense to you guys? So, they were extremely sophisticated.

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They knew a lot about the way the stars worked, okay? So, basically for them, this is science, okay? Today we say this is a religion, but their science back then is no different from our science today. Okay? Does that answer your question? Okay. And you had a question? Okay. So, if you talk to any religious people, they saw it, okay? They were there. They talked to God, right? So, we're like, well, you know, that doesn't make any sense, but they really believe it. And that's why they're able to convince their followers, okay? So, in the future, we will look at someone like Muhammad who had religious visions in a cave. And you're like, did he really see an angel? Well, he thought he really did, okay? And in fact, in our research, what we discovered is that people who use something called psychedelics, okay? Do you know what psychedelics are? Psychedelics are drugs. And

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what these drugs do is they shift your neural system so that you see the world in a different way. When you do that, you're able to have different visions, okay? But we also know that if you go hungry for a long time or you meditate for a long time, you're able to see different things. So, from their perspective, they actually saw this thing, okay? Even though, like, we don't think it actually happened. Does that make sense? For them, it's true. But maybe for us, it's not so true, okay? All right. Any more questions before I go on? All right. So, these are great questions. And keep on asking them, okay? And these are hard questions that we will go over the next few classes on. So, let me show you another picture, okay? This is what is in the pillars at Goblete Tepe, okay? Now, what really is in the pillars? What's really interesting about these pictures, okay, is that these are animals in the motion of hunting.

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So, the fox, right? The way the fox hunts is the fox jumps up in the air and then goes down and attacks the prey. So, this is in the motion of attack. Why would they do that? What's the point of having animals on these pillars? Why would they do that? Good. Okay. Yes. Okay. So, what's really important to understand is that back then, and again, I'll explain to you over the next couple of weeks. Back then, we human beings did not see us as separate from the other world, okay? Does that make sense? Animals, trees, humans, all equal. So, first of all, if you're going to kill these animals, you need to ask for their forgiveness. Otherwise, their spirit, their soul will haunt you, okay? They'll take revenge on you. So, if you kill them, you must ask for their forgiveness, okay?

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And the one way to do that is by paying tribute to them. That's number one. Number two is that we can learn from these animals, right? They're the best hunters in the world. So, before we go on a hunting trip, we might have a ceremony to channel their energy and power and wisdom. Does that make sense? Okay? And the third thing is basically to appease them or to become their friends, right? Because we don't want to hunt foxes. We want to hunt gazelle. There's more meat than gazelle. They're easier to capture. But we want to be friends with the gazelle. We want to be friends with the lion, okay? We don't want to be enemies. So, it's a sign of respect. Respect to the animals. So, that was basically their religion. And coming together, the religious festival was about celebrating their relationship with these animals as well as channeling their power, their energy, and their wisdom so that they could go hunt as well.

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Okay? Does that make sense? Okay, so this is probably one of the earlier religions that we have. Is this clear to you guys so far? All right? All right. Let's move on. Okay. So, now this is Jericho, okay? And Jericho is part of something called the Natufian culture. And the Natufian culture appeared about 13,000 years ago or even more actually, maybe 15,000 years ago in a place we call the Levant, okay? The Levant is basically the Middle East, Israel and Syria. And what was special about the Natufian culture are three things. First of all, they were sedentary. Sedentary basically means that they basically stayed in one place, okay? Remember, hunter -gatherers, they roped around. They moved from place to place. But they were hunter -gatherers who were sedentary, okay? They were not farmers. They were hunter -gatherers. But they stayed in one place. And

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the reason why we know, there's a lot of evidence, but one reason why we know is that they basically hunted gazelles. Gazelles are like deers, right? And the thing about gazelles is their teeth color is different according to the season. So, in the summer and in the winter, because they eat different foods, okay? So, their teeth color is different. So, we're able to dig up these gazelle bones, look at their teeth and recognize that, oh, they were hunting gazelle in this area both in the summer and the winter, which meant they did not move, okay? So, they were sedentary. That's the first thing. Second thing is that they had domesticated crops. And the reason why we know is we're able to dig up seeds of crops, okay? Vegetables and wheat and barley, which meant that they had the capacity, the technology to farm, but they chose not to farm. Does that make sense? Okay?

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So, basically, the way they developed this technology is for gardening, right? They were hunting and gathering most of the time. But some of them, for fun, for pleasure, had their own garden. And that's how they developed the technology, okay? And the third thing that was very important is they had something called the cult of the skull, okay? So, they probably worshipped animals, but they also worshipped ancestors. And the reason why we think so is we're able to find a skull in these places. Okay? So, they basically took someone's head, skull, and put clay on it to protect it. And they put it in their houses to worship it, okay? So, this is the beginning of ancestor worship. Okay? Does that make sense to you guys? So, I want to show you this. And it's called the Tower of Jericho. When we first discovered this, we thought, oh, this must be evidence. This must be evidence that Jericho went to war, okay?

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Because it had walls and it had a tower, right? The walls are to protect you from your enemies. The tower is to see your enemies coming. But then they did more research and realized that, oh, no, no, no. This tower is a religious monument. And it's the same as Gobletepe, where it is cosmological, meaning that at the longest day of the year, the mountain over here will cast a shadow over the tower. And the tower will cast a shadow over the entire village, covering it all up in darkness. Okay? Does that make sense to you guys? Why would they want to do that? What does that do for you? Have the entire village cover up in darkness? Any guesses? Why would they do that? Excuse me? What do you mean by that? I know, but if that were the case, you'd just move, right? Okay, so what's really important is that this is like right after the last ice age, okay?

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So it's actually pretty cold, okay? They did this for religious reasons, right? Because when you cover your village in darkness, you feel as though you are in connection with the sky. Does that make sense? So they must have a religious belief in which part of the worship is to cover the village in darkness. That's a good question, okay? So space is dark, right? Do you understand? So when you're dark, you think that I'm bringing space to our village. So I'm collapsing the distance between space and my village, right? I understand that, but your village is bright anyway. And if you're able to make your village dark, that's magic, right? Do you understand? Okay? Because if you're able to make your village dark, that's magic, right? So they designed a tower in a certain way so that it would cover the village in darkness. And they could see that as magic, and that's evidence that your religion is correct.

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Does that make sense? Right? Because otherwise, how do you know your religion is correct? Only by performing magic can you show that this charismatic leader, okay, who came up with this idea, speaks to God. Okay? Does that make sense? Okay, so let's look at sort of pictures of skulls, okay? Okay? Because this was actually very common back then. Okay? So basically, this is a skull. They covered it up with clay, and they carried it around with them all over the place. And this was true throughout the world at that time, okay? Ancestor worship. Okay? So this is another picture of the skull, okay? Let me ask you why they would do that. Their ancestor is dead. Why would they do that? Why would they have the skull around? Where's the ancestors now? Where's the dead person? The spirit world, right? Some place.

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Another place. Another world. And therefore, having the skull around allows you to communicate with that world and learn its secrets. You understand? And some of the secrets may be like how to construct a tower in a way that you're able to cast a shadow over the village. Okay? So that's their method of scientific discovery. Does that make sense? To communicate with the spirit world through your ancestors. Does that make sense? Okay. The point I'm trying to tell you is that their level of intelligence or their understanding of the world is just as sophisticated as our understanding of the world. Okay? You understand? We think that when we go to science class, we're learning facts and knowledge. But guess what? Maybe a thousand years from now, people will look at our science, like the physics, and be like, oh, that was religion too. Okay? Does that make sense? So in terms of intelligence, they were just as creative and as sophisticated as we are today.

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But they just had a different set of beliefs. Okay? All right. So the last place I want to look at is Kanahoyak. Okay? So Kanahoyak is a huge place. Okay? In Turkey as well. Pretty far from Gopalantepe, but about the same place. And this dates back about 7500 BCE. And as you can see, it's a huge village. And we think that at its height. Okay? Maybe this was around for about 2,000 years. But at its height of development, of civilization, it had about 8,000 people. That's a lot of people, guys. Okay? And the thing about Kanahoyak that stands out is, first of all, it's huge. Okay? Second of all, they didn't have a place of worship or government. Okay? Meaning that all the houses were the same. It was a very egalitarian society. Everyone was the same. And what's even more interesting is that if you go to every house, there's a site.

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The living room is basically a temple unto itself. It was a place of worship and religion. Okay? Meaning that the first, like Kanahoyak, is a place where religion permeated. Or was in every place. They were. Okay? So we think that Kanahoyak is one of the first religious communities. Remember that before, religious sites were places you went to maybe once in your lifetime or maybe once a year. Okay? But it wasn't part of your everyday life. Whereas in Kanahoyak, religion was in your life from birth to death. Okay? Does that make sense? And the thing about Kanahoyak that's very interesting is at this point, their religion is extremely sophisticated. Meaning that they can explain everything using their religion. Okay? So their everyday life and their religion was completely aligned together. So let me show you some evidence of this. Okay. So this is a painting that you will see in every house or most houses.

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In Kanahoyak. Okay? All right? So you're like, what is going on here? So again, there are different theories. But let me explain to you what most scholars believe to be the accurate theories. Okay? So this is just a theory. We have no evidence for this. But this is what we believe. We believe that the people at Kanahoyak, they worshipped a mother goddess. Okay? Because a mother goddess is what gives life to everything. Right? Think of mother nature. Think of a woman giving birth to a child. Okay? So they worshipped a mother goddess. And the mother goddess is represented by the bird. Because the bird flies all around the sky. Right? So the sky belongs to the bird. Now, the bird can take different forms. This is a vulture. Right? So the mother goddess can also take the form of a vulture. So what's going on here?

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Why is the vulture? The vulture is a vulture with headless people. Okay? Because the way that they combine ancestral worship with their belief in the mother goddess is they believe that when a person dies, what they'll do is they'll put that person's dead body out in the open. It's a sky burial. Right? You go to Tibet, they have sky burials. The vultures will come and eat all the flesh. And that is the tribute or the sacrifice made. To the mother goddess. Okay? So the mother goddess basically cleans the body. And then you take the bones and you bury it back in your house. And you take the skull and you keep the skull in your living room to worship your ancestors. Does that make sense? So in other words, it is an extremely comprehensive or complete religion. Understanding the world. Okay? Is that clear to you guys? What the religion is? Any questions so far?

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Again, by the way guys, a theory. Okay? But right now, the most useful theory that we have about this place. Any questions before I move on? Okay. So what's going on here? Okay? Now, this again also is in Kadahoyak, in many houses. So what's going on here? Okay. So different scholars have different interpretations of this. Okay? Clearly, this is a hunt. Right? This is a hunt. And some people believe that these human beings who are part of the Kadahoyak people, they are mocking or taunting or laughing at the animals as a way to subdue them. To tame them. Okay? To domesticate them. That's one theory. But another theory is that what they're really doing is dancing. Because they are worshipping. Or paying tribute to these animals they are about to kill. Or they are trying. So let's go back to Kobayatepe. Right? Where they're trying to respect the animals. Right? Dance with you. We're friends.

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I'm sorry I have to kill you. But hey, we're only taking your meat. Your soul. Right? Is still going to be reborn. Or it's going to go to the spirit world. Okay? So this is a way of paying tribute. Or respecting. The animals they're about to kill or about to hunt. To maintain the harmony of nature. And their relationship with nature. Does that make sense guys? Okay? Again, what's really important is that this is a pretty complete religion. Right? That explains everything to these people. And that's why it's so attractive to people. Right? If you're a human being and you want to know why. Well, Kadahoyak, the religion there, explains why. Okay? Does that make sense so far? Any questions? Okay. So, this is a picture of the mother goddess. Okay? Again, we have debate about what this is. Some people believe that it's just a fertility goddess. Okay? But others still believe this is the mother goddess.

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And you think about it. If you are a place like Kadahoyak, you're most concerned about giving birth. Right? Because giving birth is what rejuvenates yourself. Your society. So, it makes sense that your god, the person you worship the most, would be a mother goddess. Okay? Okay? This is clearly a bull. And if you see pictures of Kadahoyak, you will see that they have many, many depictions or pictures of bull in their house. Okay? And what we believe, again this is a theory. Okay? What we believe is that if the mother goddess represents life. Okay? Giving life. The bull represents vitality, energy. And so, it's the bull that gives the mother goddess the energy to give birth. Right? Does that make sense? So, the bull represents the male. The mother goddess represents the female. But only if the male and the female conjoin, they come together, will you have life. Okay?

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So, this is another picture. Clearly. Okay? They're not hunting. Okay? Clearly, they are worshipping the bull. Does that make sense? They're paying tribute to the bull. So, are we clear about this? How religion was a fundamental part of people's existence when they chose to become sanitary. Okay? Or they chose to settle in one place. So, let's go back to the original question. And I'll take questions. The original question is, why did people transition into religion? Why did they choose to do agriculture? And the theory that most scholars believe is because of religion. It was because people had a religious need that they came together to have these religious festivals. There were some charismatic leaders who were so brilliant that people chose to settle down with them. Okay? And so, they became sanitary. They developed a religion around the sanitary lifestyle, which included ancestor worship. But over time, because you're in one place, you're going to deplete the resources of the area around you, right?

### 49:33 seg-0041

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- Source ref: `video:predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0@transcript:v1#seg-0041`
- Transcript segment: [https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0041](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0041)
- Video timestamp: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=2973s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=2973s)

Of the forest. Which means that you must go to farming. Okay? Does that make sense? So, but then eventually, because you have so much population and you farm too much, you're forced to move somewhere else. And when you move somewhere else, you actually bring your religion with you. Okay? And that's how we can explain the transition from... From hunter -gatherer to agriculture. And there was no one spark or one moment when this happened. We think it took thousands of years over time. Because ultimately, the hunter -gatherer lifestyle was so much more attractive to people. So much easier and attractive to people than the farming lifestyle. Okay? But the benefit of the farming lifestyle is that you had a religion. And that's why people chose ultimately to farm. Okay? So that's... That's it. And next class, we'll continue this discussion about early religion. And how people develop these religious visions.

### 50:35 seg-0042

- Speaker: SPEAKER_00
- Source ref: `video:predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0@transcript:v1#seg-0042`
- Transcript segment: [https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0042](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0042)
- Video timestamp: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3035s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3035s)

Okay? So next class, we'll look at Ice Cave Paintings. That goes back 40,000 years. Meaning that they practiced this sort of religion, or something like this religion, 40 to 50,000 years ago. And we know through Ice Cave Paintings. Okay. So, questions before we finish class. Is this clear to you guys? Okay? Anything you're confused about? Any questions? Before we conclude? Okay. Can you say it more clearly? And again, this is all on the internet, by the way. So if you're interested, you can go online and just read up more on Catahoyac. Okay? These places are very famous. We'll be discussing these places throughout the semester. Okay? Cabobo Tepe, Jericho, and Catahoyac. Excuse me? We discussed all three. Okay? But I'm introducing you to these three places. In future classes, we'll go more in depth into these places. Okay? Because Cabobo Tepe is a very interesting place. Okay? And we're only slowly discovering all that's there.

### 52:07 seg-0043

- Speaker: SPEAKER_00
- Source ref: `video:predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0@transcript:v1#seg-0043`
- Transcript segment: [https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0043](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0043)
- Video timestamp: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3127s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3127s)

Basically, we basically uncovered about 5 % of Cabobo Tepe. So over the next few decades, we'll know more.

### 52:14 seg-0044

- Speaker: SPEAKER_01
- Source ref: `video:predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0@transcript:v1#seg-0044`
- Transcript segment: [https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0044](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0044)
- Video timestamp: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3134s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3134s)

Okay?

### 52:17 seg-0045

- Speaker: SPEAKER_00
- Source ref: `video:predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0@transcript:v1#seg-0045`
- Transcript segment: [https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0045](https://jianglens.com/episodes/predictive-history-jjqf9t59uy0/transcript/#seg-0045)
- Video timestamp: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3137s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjqf9T59uY0&t=3137s)

Any more questions? Any more questions? Okay. All right. So next class, we will do ice cave paintings.