{ "generated_by": "Generated by ops/scripts/compile-content.mjs. Do not edit by hand.", "generated_at": "deterministic", "slug": "predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm", "id": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm", "source_class": "episode", "collection": "episodes", "title": "Civilization #4: The Paradise Lost of Marija Gimbutas", "source_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM", "video_id": "RaT_ZUDjHrM", "embed_url": "https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/RaT_ZUDjHrM", "published_at": "2024-09-10", "recorded_at": null, "date_precision": "day", "date_label": "2024-09-10, day precision", "chronology_status": "dated", "channel": { "id": "UC11aHtNnc5bEPLI4jf6mnYg", "handle": "@PredictiveHistory", "title": "Predictive History", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC11aHtNnc5bEPLI4jf6mnYg" }, "path_base": "/episodes", "path": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_path": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/", "data_url": "/data/lens/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm.json", "counts": { "semantic_passes": 7, "interactions": 27, "speaker_notes": 7, "claims": 37, "signature_moments": 23, "predictions": 0, "models": 15, "glossary_terms": 22, "chronology_notes": 7, "uncertainty_notes": 12, "glossary_candidates": 24, "transcript_segments": 49, "transcript_words": 7137, "duration_seconds": 3555.12, "duration_label": "59:15" }, "paths": { "source": "content/sources/videos/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/source.yaml", "transcript": "content/sources/videos/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcripts/v1/transcript.clean.jsonl", "semantic_bundle": "content/lens/evidence/videos/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm.semantic.json", "semantic_passes": [ "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0001.semantic.json", "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0002.semantic.json", "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0003.semantic.json", "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0004.semantic.json", "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0005.semantic.json", "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0006.semantic.json", "content/workflow/proposals/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/packet-0007.semantic.json" ], "read": "content/lens/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/read.json" }, "read": { "id": "episode-read:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm:v1", "kind": "episode-read", "schema_version": 2, "source_id": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm", "slug": "predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm", "title": "The Civilization That Chose Not To Make War", "subtitle": "A cleaned reading of Civilization #4", "read_time": "11 min", "editorial_mode": "distilled-lecture", "voice_policy": "Direct argumentative prose derived from the lecture. Avoid repeated third-person framing. Do not impersonate first-person authorship except when quoting verified source material.", "trace_policy": "Paragraph-level transcript refs. Speculative claims stay marked as speculative.", "dek": "Gimbutas's Old Europe becomes Jiang's Paradise Lost: a Mother Goddess civilization where art, writing, sexual agency, and nonviolent social control show that war, property, and patriarchy are historical arrivals, not human nature.", "thesis": "The lecture moves from linguistic evidence for Proto-Indo-European to the world that existed before its conquest. The lost civilization is not primitive. It is a different moral order: the Mother Goddess makes animals, plants, children, sex, soil, caves, writing, and art part of one sacred community. Against that order comes the Yamnaya world of horses, wagons, weapons, private property, and male domination. The central claim is that patriarchy is not the beginning of civilization; it is the break that makes the old world almost unbelievable.", "source_notes": [ { "text": "The transcript renders names phonetically in several places. This read normalizes Maria Gimbutas and Yamnaya while keeping paragraph refs tied to the source transcript.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "text": "Several historical claims are preserved as Jiang's lecture argument, especially the claim that recent DNA confirms the broad Gimbutas thesis. The semantic bundle keeps uncertainty notes for later source checking.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "opening": { "heading": "Core Reading", "text": "The lecture is structured as a fall. At the beginning, humans live inside a Mother Goddess world where life comes from one source and humans, animals, and plants are kin. At the end, the next class waits with the Yamnaya: violence, patriarchy, private property, horses, wagons, and conquest. Everything in between asks how the first world could have existed and why the second world now feels natural.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, "beats": [ { "id": "fall-question", "heading": "The Fall Is The Question", "time_range": "00:00-10:37", "summary": "The episode begins with the Mother Goddess and then uses language to locate the coming force that will overturn Old Europe.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008" ], "paragraphs": [ { "id": "fall-question-001", "text": "The starting image is not the state, the market, or the warrior. It is a sacred kinship system. Humans come out of Africa, spread through climate change, and from the beginning need a belief that tells them who they are. In this lecture's model, that belief is animistic: all life comes from one source, the Mother Goddess. If animals, plants, and humans are all her children, equality is not an ideal added later. It is the structure of the world.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "fall-question-002", "text": "That is why the first real question is a reversal: if most of human history was compassionate, egalitarian, artistic, and mostly peaceful, why does the present contain war, private property, and patriarchy? The lecture does not treat male rule or violence as the obvious baseline. It treats them as the thing that needs explanation.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "fall-question-003", "text": "The route into that explanation begins with language. Proto-Indo-European is reconstructed from words that echo across English, Latin, Greek, Persian, Hindi, and other languages. Father, mother, and two become evidence that many peoples once shared a lost mother language. Then the vocabulary itself becomes an archive: wheels, dairy, limited agriculture, horses. Language starts speaking about the culture and lifestyle of the people who carried it.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "segment_id": "seg-0003", "start": 163.53, "end": 256.1, "time_label": "2:43", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So for many hundreds of years, many people have speculated that maybe English, German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost to us. This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European. And through..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "segment_id": "seg-0004", "start": 256.6, "end": 338.73, "time_label": "4:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then you look at the word mother, okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar, mat, okay? Also sounds very similar. So again, for hundreds of years, people have speculated that there was just one language. And if you look at thi..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "segment_id": "seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "time_label": "5:38", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, o..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "fall-question-004", "text": "The method matters because it lets the lecture move from words to bodies and tools. The wheel, dairy, and horse are not just facts about an ancient economy. They are the outline of a mobile pastoralist power that will later enter Europe. The pastoralists are still only a hypothesis at this stage, but archaeology and DNA are introduced as the evidence that will make the linguistic guess historical.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "segment_id": "seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "time_label": "9:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ], "start": 0, "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "segment_id": "seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "time_label": "9:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these..." } ] }, { "id": "milk-horses-wagons", "heading": "Milk, Horses, Wagons", "time_range": "10:37-20:49", "summary": "The Yamnaya become visible through wheel dating, lactose tolerance, horse domestication, wagons, and the DNA distinction between diffusion and conquest.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "paragraphs": [ { "id": "milk-horses-wagons-001", "text": "The Yamnaya enter the lecture first through material clues. If the language has wheel words, and wheels appear around 3500 BCE, then the speakers must belong after that technological horizon. If the language is full of milk words, and DNA shows a population becoming lactose tolerant, then diet has become part of historical power. These people do not merely own cattle. Their bodies change around cattle.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "milk-horses-wagons-002", "text": "The horse adds the next layer. Horses survive by running away; Jiang calls that excitability. To domesticate the horse is to overcome an animal's panic, and the skeletons of riders carry the trace of that achievement. When horse and wheel are put together, the result is the wagon. The wagon makes pastoralism mobile. A whole way of life can be packed up and moved with the grass.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "segment_id": "seg-0012", "start": 894.61, "end": 968.17, "time_label": "14:54", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed to run away if it sees danger a human being and it took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020 bc to domesticate the horse because it..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "milk-horses-wagons-003", "text": "The political question is how this language spread. One answer is diffusion: people copy the prestigious language without being conquered. The other answer is conquest: the newcomers kill, displace, or absorb the old population. Jiang's hard definition is genetic. If diffusion happens, the old genes remain. If conquest happens, the old genes disappear. That is why the DNA evidence changes the tone of the story from influence to genocide.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "segment_id": "seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "time_label": "17:13", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ], "start": 637, "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ] }, { "id": "burial-contrast", "heading": "The Burial Contrast", "time_range": "20:49-28:57", "summary": "Before the conquest, Europe is presented through farmer migration, Mother Goddess religion, and Gimbutas's Kurgan contrast between communal burials and warrior burials.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "paragraphs": [ { "id": "burial-contrast-001", "text": "The lecture then steps backward into the Europe before that conquest. Agriculture moves from Anatolia and the Near East into Europe not because of a war story but because climate and soil pressure move families. They bring the Mother Goddess religion with them. Europe warms, farming spreads, and a civilization takes shape before the pastoralist arrival.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "segment_id": "seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "time_label": "20:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "segment_id": "seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "time_label": "22:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "burial-contrast-002", "text": "Gimbutas's Kurgan hypothesis becomes legible through graves. The farmers are buried together. The Yamnaya are buried alone, with weapons, cattle, and horses. Jiang turns that difference into a model of society: one side looks communal, egalitarian, and without private property; the other looks individual, warrior-centered, property-bearing, and male-dominated.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "burial-contrast-003", "text": "The reason Gimbutas was laughed at is part of the argument. Her theory did not merely add a fact to archaeology. It challenged a male scholarly worldview: men have always been in charge, humans have always made war, and money is what motivates work. A women-governed, peaceful, artistic Europe makes that worldview look provincial.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "segment_id": "seg-0022", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1651.79, "time_label": "27:12", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "before these Yanaya came to Europe, Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman, and it was artistic, and it was peaceful, and it was egalitarian. Why would people laugh at her? Yeah, they don't believe in h..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ], "start": 1249, "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "segment_id": "seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "time_label": "20:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ] }, { "id": "sacred-art", "heading": "Sacred Art Against War", "time_range": "28:58-36:05", "summary": "Gimbutas's Old Europe is defined through sacred nature, chosen nonviolence, religious writing, and symbolic inversions.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032" ], "paragraphs": [ { "id": "sacred-art-001", "text": "Gimbutas's claim, as the lecture gives it, is stark: for thousands of years before conquest, Old Europe was ruled by women or included women as the political class, and because of that it was peaceful, egalitarian, and artistic. The Goddess is not a decorative deity. She is the symbol of unity in all life. Water, stone, tomb, cave, animals, birds, snakes, fish, hills, trees, and flowers all carry sacredness.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "sacred-art-002", "text": "The sharpest point is not that Old Europeans were too simple to fight. They had metallurgy. They had the technology to build forts and make war. Jiang's phrase is that they chose not to. The mosquito, the injured bird, the cave, and the tree belong to the same sacred field. To kill or dominate is not impossible; it is a violation of the world picture.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "sacred-art-003", "text": "Writing is pulled into the same reversal. The standard story says writing appears for economic accounting: grain, labor, temple rations. Gimbutas's Old Europe offers another origin. Writing can be a sacred mark, a way to communicate with the Mother Goddess and make art divine. The civilization's energy goes into tombs, shrines, temples, pottery, sculpture, and stable creativity rather than weapons and forts.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "segment_id": "seg-0029", "start": 2007.3, "end": 2012.02, "time_label": "33:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, for example, okay, here's a clay, and I say this." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "segment_id": "seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "time_label": "33:40", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sens..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "sacred-art-004", "text": "Even the symbols are inverted. The snake is not evil but life, energy, and regeneration. Black is not death or underworld but fertility: damp caves, rich soil, the womb of the Goddess where life begins. White is death, the color of bones. The point is not symbolism trivia. It is that a culture teaches perception so completely that another culture's obvious good and evil can look impossible.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "segment_id": "seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "time_label": "34:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, i..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ], "start": 1738, "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "segment_id": "seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "time_label": "34:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, i..." } ] }, { "id": "body-before-property", "heading": "The Body Before Property", "time_range": "36:05-47:21", "summary": "The lecture's most controversial turn uses sexual agency to show how patriarchy and private property rewrite the body.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "paragraphs": [ { "id": "body-before-property-001", "text": "The lecture's most difficult claim is that women's sexual agency also belongs to the older world. In the modern patriarchal frame, marriage makes the woman's body belong to the husband. Sexual taboo then polices that ownership. The stud/slut double standard is not moral logic; it is a shame machine for controlling the woman's body.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "body-before-property-002", "text": "Jiang's countermodel is that sexual agency is not biologically absurd. He points to female-initiated sex among primates, bonobo sex as a tool of unity and cooperation, and cultures where women initiate sex with men. Then the plow enters as a social technology: when agriculture makes male labor more materially decisive, women's political and labor participation falls. Gender hierarchy is treated as historical and cultural, not biological fate.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "segment_id": "seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "time_label": "38:39", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women wan..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "body-before-property-003", "text": "The same method applies to race and color. The old symbolic world could make black fertile and white deathly. The modern imperial world makes white good and black bad, then treats that symbolism as natural. Jiang ties that reversal to race ideology and European conquest: the hierarchy has to be invented before domination can look justified.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "segment_id": "seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "time_label": "41:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "body-before-property-004", "text": "The deepest difference is the individual. The modern gene story says a man protects children when he knows they are his. The Mother Goddess story says my son and my friend's son are both children of the Goddess. There is no concept of individual, only community. Within that frame, multiple sexual partners need not destroy society. They can distribute care, energy, and obligation.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "segment_id": "seg-0038", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2677.15, "time_label": "42:56", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, the question then is, why is this the case? And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners, the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward. Does that make sense, guys? Okay? And so this..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "segment_id": "seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "time_label": "44:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ], "start": 2165, "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ] }, { "id": "control-without-violence", "heading": "Control Without Violence", "time_range": "47:21-59:15", "summary": "The ending turns sexual community, private property, women-led politics, shame, gossip, and flattery into a model of order without war.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "paragraphs": [ { "id": "control-without-violence-001", "text": "The missionary story gives the old order its moral punch. The missionary sees promiscuity and calls it shameless. The villager answers that the French love only their own children, while the tribe loves all children. The reversal is total: what looks like moral disorder from a property family can look like a wider system of care from a communal family.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "control-without-violence-002", "text": "When a student asks whether this is backward or primitive, the answer is no. Those categories are part of the problem. The modern reason sex feels shameful is private property. If a man's wife has sex with someone else, the crisis is inheritance: who gets the property? Sexual control protects property transmission, and property transmission protects patriarchy.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "control-without-violence-003", "text": "The final Gimbutas claim is political. Old Europe is peaceful because women hold high status and help make the rules. Jiang gives three reasons: women collaborate and compromise more readily, they manage people through emotional intelligence, and because they cannot rely on physical force in the same way, they develop subtler tools of control.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "segment_id": "seg-0045", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3263.19, "time_label": "53:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and collaborate. Does that make sense? So, men are competitive. We like status. We like power. But women are much more humble. So, women are much more likely to co..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "control-without-violence-004", "text": "Those tools are gossip, shame, sex, and flattery. The point is not that society has no control. It is that control does not have to be violent. Praise the girls wearing red in the hallway and, in Jiang's experiment, the school will fill with red. The mechanism is soft, but it is still power.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] }, { "id": "control-without-violence-005", "text": "That is where the class ends: before the Yamnaya. The next lecture will ask where these violent, patriarchal, property-bearing pastoralists came from and why they were so successful in conquering Old Europe. This episode leaves the old world intact for one more moment so that its loss can be seen.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ], "start": 2841, "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ] } ], "questions": [ { "question": "What is the difference between conquest and diffusion?", "answer": "The answer is genetic in Jiang's framing. Diffusion means the old population remains but adopts a language or culture through influence. Conquest means the old population is killed, displaced, or absorbed so thoroughly that its genes largely disappear. That is why DNA evidence matters to the lecture: it decides whether language spread was persuasion or violence.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "answer_paragraphs": [ { "text": "The answer is genetic in Jiang's framing. Diffusion means the old population remains but adopts a language or culture through influence. Conquest means the old population is killed, displaced, or absorbed so thoroughly that its genes largely disappear. That is why DNA evidence matters to the lecture: it decides whether language spread was persuasion or violence.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ] }, { "question": "Is this backwards or primitive?", "answer": "The lecture's answer is that backward and primitive are false categories. The older sexual order has to be interpreted inside its own religious and property system. Modern shame around sex comes from patriarchy and inheritance, not from a timeless moral rule.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "answer_paragraphs": [ { "text": "The lecture's answer is that backward and primitive are false categories. The older sexual order has to be interpreted inside its own religious and property system. Modern shame around sex comes from patriarchy and inheritance, not from a timeless moral rule.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ] }, { "question": "If people are not violent, how do they control society?", "answer": "They use nonviolent pressure: shame, gossip, sex, and flattery. Jiang's hallway example is the miniature model. Praise girls wearing red often enough and others will start wearing red too. The control is real, but it works through belonging rather than force.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "answer_paragraphs": [ { "text": "They use nonviolent pressure: shame, gossip, sex, and flattery. Jiang's hallway example is the miniature model. Praise girls wearing red often enough and others will start wearing red too. The control is real, but it works through belonging rather than force.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [], "marks": [] } ] } ], "archive_note": "This page is the public reading surface for a dated classroom lecture. Paragraph refs point back to the cleaned transcript; semantic packet files preserve claims, signature moments, glossary candidates, speaker uncertainty, and source-checking notes for audit." }, "transcript": [ { "id": "seg-0001", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into Europe, then into Asia, then we crossed the Bering Strait into North America, then South America, then Asia, went to Australia, okay? And 50,000 years ago, there's about a million of us all around the world. And the argument that I've made to you in this class is that from the very beginning, we were religious, okay? And we know from the Ice H.K. paintings, we know because of places like, Kobletepe, and Kanahoyak, that we had a religious belief that told us who we are and what we're doing here. And as we discussed in class, this religious belief is animistic, meaning we believe that we all come from one source, the Mother Goddess.", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-001", "start": 0.85, "end": 8.52, "text": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-002", "start": 8.66, "end": 14.08, "text": "we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-003", "start": 14.96, "end": 18.02, "text": "And then about 50,000 years ago,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-004", "start": 18.14, "end": 22.84, "text": "because of climate change, we started to spread around the world,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-005", "start": 22.92, "end": 24.94, "text": "okay? We went into Europe,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-006", "start": 25.16, "end": 31.16, "text": "then into Asia, then we crossed the Bering Strait into North America,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-007", "start": 31.36, "end": 33.18, "text": "then South America, then Asia,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-008", "start": 33.38, "end": 34.4, "text": "went to Australia, okay?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-009", "start": 34.66, "end": 36.18, "text": "And 50,000 years ago,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-010", "start": 36.3, "end": 39.3, "text": "there's about a million of us all around the world.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-011", "start": 39.74, "end": 44.56, "text": "And the argument that I've made to you in this class is", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-012", "start": 44.56, "end": 46, "text": "that from the very beginning,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-013", "start": 46.2, "end": 48.24, "text": "we were religious, okay?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-014", "start": 48.32, "end": 50.02, "text": "And we know from the Ice H.K.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-015", "start": 50.12, "end": 52.94, "text": "paintings, we know because of places like,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-016", "start": 53.12, "end": 61.16, "text": "Kobletepe, and Kanahoyak, that we had a religious belief that told us", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-017", "start": 61.16, "end": 63.22, "text": "who we are and what we're doing here.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-018", "start": 63.56, "end": 65.58, "text": "And as we discussed in class,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-019", "start": 65.94, "end": 70.54, "text": "this religious belief is animistic,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-020", "start": 70.66, "end": 74.74, "text": "meaning we believe that we all come from one source,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0001-chunk-021", "start": 75.06, "end": 75.96, "text": "the Mother Goddess.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "65c3c76408ffcea3f2a1556139218d53ef6552eceac8a900b98e4fb6a10520bd", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0001", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=0s", "time_label": "0:00", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0002", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peaceful. We were violent, there was some violence, but we didn't really fight wars, okay? And we were artistic. We celebrated the Mother Goddess through paintings and through artwork, okay? And another question then is, if we were like this for most of human history, how is it that today we have war, private property, and patriarchy, where men make all the rules and women have little agency and power? And so this week, I will explain to you how this happened, okay? So in today's class, we will discuss, really, the height of this civilization. And this is what the anthropologist Maria Gimbertas called Old Europe, okay? So to begin the story, I want to tell you what we discovered in terms of linguistics.", "word_count": 161, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-001", "start": 76.57, "end": 81.62, "text": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-002", "start": 81.66, "end": 83.36, "text": "including animals, plants.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-003", "start": 83.5, "end": 91.89, "text": "And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-004", "start": 91.89, "end": 94.75, "text": "egalitarian. 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And another question then is,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-011", "start": 114.08, "end": 119.6, "text": "if we were like this for most of human history,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-012", "start": 119.86, "end": 123.26, "text": "how is it that today we have war,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-013", "start": 123.52, "end": 130.05, "text": "private property, and patriarchy, where men make all the rules and women", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-014", "start": 130.05, "end": 131.99, "text": "have little agency and power?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-015", "start": 132.53, "end": 136.53, "text": "And so this week, I will explain to you how this happened,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-016", "start": 136.65, "end": 140.44, "text": "okay? So in today's class,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-017", "start": 140.64, "end": 145.54, "text": "we will discuss, really, the height of this civilization.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-018", "start": 146.82, "end": 153.96, "text": "And this is what the anthropologist Maria Gimbertas called Old Europe,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-019", "start": 154.14, "end": 156.82, "text": "okay? So to begin the story,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-020", "start": 157.04, "end": 162.68, "text": "I want to tell you what we discovered in terms of", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0002-chunk-021", "start": 162.68, "end": 163.53, "text": "linguistics.", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "5c43f2ab2ae5ef31484861cffedad6d2bdc1841d039f7623d3ed9c59f93b306a", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0002", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=76s", "time_label": "1:16", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0003", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "start": 163.53, "end": 256.1, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So for many hundreds of years, many people have speculated that maybe English, German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost to us. This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European. And through decades of strenuous research, linguists have been able to conclusively prove that all these languages that we speak in Europe, okay, all come from the same mother language, the first language. But not only that, but also Iranian and Indian, okay, Hindi, okay, all come from Proto -Indo -European. So does that make sense to you guys? So we know this because there are many words that sound the same in many languages, okay? So for example, father. In English, it's father, right? But in Latin, it's pater, okay? That's where we get the word paternity, okay, from the father. Greek, pateris. Persian, padar. Hindi, in India, pita, okay? So the word father seems to come from just one word in all these different languages.", "word_count": 163, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-001", "start": 163.53, "end": 168.63, "text": "So for many hundreds of years,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-002", "start": 169.23, "end": 174.31, "text": "many people have speculated that maybe English,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-003", "start": 174.31, "end": 180.75, "text": "German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-004", "start": 180.75, "end": 181.19, "text": "to us.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-005", "start": 181.35, "end": 185.59, "text": "This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-006", "start": 187.56, "end": 192.18, "text": "And through decades of strenuous research,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-007", "start": 192.48, "end": 201.87, "text": "linguists have been able to conclusively prove that all these languages that", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-008", "start": 201.87, "end": 203.09, "text": "we speak in Europe, okay,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-009", "start": 203.09, "end": 206.29, "text": "all come from the same mother language,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-010", "start": 206.51, "end": 207.57, "text": "the first language.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-011", "start": 208.07, "end": 213.96, "text": "But not only that, but also Iranian and Indian,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-012", "start": 214.2, "end": 220.04, "text": "okay, Hindi, okay, all come from Proto -Indo -European.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-013", "start": 220.28, "end": 223.38, "text": "So does that make sense to you guys?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-014", "start": 223.92, "end": 231.38, "text": "So we know this because there are many words that sound the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-015", "start": 231.38, "end": 234.3, "text": "same in many languages, okay?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-016", "start": 234.36, "end": 235.3, "text": "So for example, father.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-017", "start": 235.94, "end": 237.76, "text": "In English, it's father, right?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-018", "start": 237.82, "end": 239.1, "text": "But in Latin, it's pater,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-019", "start": 239.34, "end": 242.74, "text": "okay? That's where we get the word paternity,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-020", "start": 242.84, "end": 244.18, "text": "okay, from the father.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-021", "start": 246.18, "end": 247.14, "text": "Greek, pateris.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-022", "start": 247.34, "end": 248.8, "text": "Persian, padar.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-023", "start": 249.02, "end": 250.9, "text": "Hindi, in India, pita, okay?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-024", "start": 251.26, "end": 255.32, "text": "So the word father seems to come from just one word in", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0003-chunk-025", "start": 255.32, "end": 256.1, "text": "all these different languages.", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "840215babb18d6bfb5cec805b0a9449f8afabbdd35b0474f6a685f388210b854", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0003", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=163s", "time_label": "2:43", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0004", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "start": 256.6, "end": 338.73, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Then you look at the word mother, okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar, mat, okay? Also sounds very similar. So again, for hundreds of years, people have speculated that there was just one language. And if you look at this map, okay? So for example, the English word for two, okay, the number two. You can draw a schematic that shows you how all these languages, the word two, derived just from one word, dua, okay? So languages have been able to piece together this proto -Indo -European language. We've also been able to figure out how this language spread, okay? So there are two hypotheses. Either the language spread from Turkey, Anatolia, or from Ukraine, okay? Basically Russia. And we know it spread all around the world, okay? So basically all of Europe. And including Iran and India, okay? So this is the first language of all these languages that we speak today in most of Asia and all of Europe, okay?", "word_count": 162, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-001", "start": 256.6, "end": 258.32, "text": "Then you look at the word mother,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-002", "start": 258.44, "end": 262.04, "text": "okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-003", "start": 262.04, "end": 262.86, "text": "mat, okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-004", "start": 262.98, "end": 264.74, "text": "Also sounds very similar.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-005", "start": 264.74, "end": 268.03, "text": "So again, for hundreds of years,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-006", "start": 268.47, "end": 277.17, "text": "people have speculated that there was just one language.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-007", "start": 277.43, "end": 278.55, "text": "And if you look at this map,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-008", "start": 278.79, "end": 282.03, "text": "okay? So for example, the English word for two,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-009", "start": 282.13, "end": 282.81, "text": "okay, the number two.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-010", "start": 283.63, "end": 290.89, "text": "You can draw a schematic that shows you how all these languages,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-011", "start": 290.95, "end": 294.51, "text": "the word two, derived just from one word,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-012", "start": 294.63, "end": 295.45, "text": "dua, okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-013", "start": 295.45, "end": 301.69, "text": "So languages have been able to piece together this proto -Indo -European", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-014", "start": 301.69, "end": 308.08, "text": "language. We've also been able to figure out how this language spread,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-015", "start": 308.44, "end": 310.68, "text": "okay? So there are two hypotheses.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-016", "start": 311.12, "end": 313.78, "text": "Either the language spread from Turkey,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-017", "start": 314.04, "end": 317.14, "text": "Anatolia, or from Ukraine, okay?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-018", "start": 317.26, "end": 318.22, "text": "Basically Russia.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-019", "start": 318.89, "end": 323.89, "text": "And we know it spread all around the world,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-020", "start": 323.97, "end": 325.41, "text": "okay? So basically all of Europe.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-021", "start": 325.41, "end": 328.89, "text": "And including Iran and India,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-022", "start": 329.07, "end": 334.29, "text": "okay? So this is the first language of all these languages that", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-023", "start": 334.29, "end": 337.07, "text": "we speak today in most of", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-024", "start": 337.07, "end": 338.37, "text": "Asia and all of Europe,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0004-chunk-025", "start": 338.49, "end": 338.73, "text": "okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "26ea234297bf90ca44543e00db602b78716d18e5a11c41c0bdd4fefd7d98e9c0", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0004", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=256s", "time_label": "4:16", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0005", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, okay, and this is a very slow process, is they basically looked at all the words that seemed to come from the same word in different languages. And what they discovered is that there are certain words that are distinct to the first language. So words like bull, cow, ox, ram, eel, lamb, pig, piglet, sour milk, wine, curds, field, dog, shear wool, textiles, scratch plow, oxen, yoke, grain, shaft, furrow, rustling, grinding, pestle, household, okay? What do you guys notice about these words? Do you see patterns in these words? What patterns do you see in these words? Okay. So what these words tell us is the culture and lifestyle of the language.", "word_count": 155, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-001", "start": 338.73, "end": 339.93, "text": "So any questions so far?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-002", "start": 340.75, "end": 341.59, "text": "All right.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-003", "start": 344.62, "end": 352.16, "text": "Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-004", "start": 352.16, "end": 353.72, "text": "language, okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-005", "start": 353.86, "end": 357.18, "text": "Because this language is lost to us,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-006", "start": 357.2, "end": 361.96, "text": "okay? So this language is lost to us.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-007", "start": 362.28, "end": 363.66, "text": "And so what linguists did,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-008", "start": 363.84, "end": 365.6, "text": "okay, and this is a very slow process,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-009", "start": 365.7, "end": 369.4, "text": "is they basically looked at all the words that seemed to come", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-010", "start": 369.4, "end": 371.22, "text": "from the same word in different languages.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-011", "start": 371.58, "end": 375.86, "text": "And what they discovered is that there are certain words that are", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-012", "start": 375.86, "end": 377.52, "text": "distinct to the first language.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-013", "start": 377.82, "end": 380.48, "text": "So words like bull, cow,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-014", "start": 381, "end": 385.78, "text": "ox, ram, eel, lamb, pig,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-015", "start": 385.96, "end": 390.42, "text": "piglet, sour milk, wine, curds,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-016", "start": 390.5, "end": 394.64, "text": "field, dog, shear wool, textiles,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-017", "start": 394.77, "end": 398.99, "text": "scratch plow, oxen, yoke, grain,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-018", "start": 399.31, "end": 403.89, "text": "shaft, furrow, rustling, grinding, pestle,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-019", "start": 404.04, "end": 405.44, "text": "household, okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-020", "start": 405.62, "end": 408.24, "text": "What do you guys notice about these words?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-021", "start": 409.34, "end": 410.96, "text": "Do you see patterns in these words?", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-022", "start": 412.44, "end": 414.44, "text": "What patterns do you see in these words?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-023", "start": 418.78, "end": 423.52, "text": "Okay. So what these words tell us is the culture and lifestyle", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-024", "start": 423.52, "end": 424.34, "text": "of the", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0005-chunk-025", "start": 424.34, "end": 424.532, "text": "language.", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "49e14f712c7217da63c82545d338a9acfb5e6483dbc1141bfa96b18ed072f384", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0005", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=338s", "time_label": "5:38", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0006", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultures, these people have a word for wheel. In fact, they have five different words for wheel. And what this tells us, what we can guess that these people, whoever they are, they invented the wheel. Okay? Does that make sense? Because they have words for wheel and other cultures don't, okay? So they were the first to invent the wheel. Second is that they have words for dairy products, okay? Cow milk. And this is important. Why? Do you guys know why this is important? Why is this strange? Yes. Okay. So they were raising livestock, okay? Okay. What makes it strange is that for most of human history, we were lactose intolerant. Meaning we did not have the ability to drink milk.", "word_count": 161, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-001", "start": 424.532, "end": 426.26, "text": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-002", "start": 426.3, "end": 426.94, "text": "okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-003", "start": 427.24, "end": 431.3, "text": "So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-004", "start": 431.43, "end": 435.57, "text": "the Proto -Indo -Europeans.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-005", "start": 435.63, "end": 440.65, "text": "The first thing is that unlike other cultures,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-006", "start": 441.09, "end": 444.19, "text": "these people have a word for wheel.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-007", "start": 444.27, "end": 446.23, "text": "In fact, they have five different words for wheel.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-008", "start": 446.59, "end": 448.23, "text": "And what this tells us,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-009", "start": 448.39, "end": 451.51, "text": "what we can guess that these people,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-010", "start": 451.55, "end": 454.07, "text": "whoever they are, they invented the wheel.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-011", "start": 454.84, "end": 455.96, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-012", "start": 456.22, "end": 459.7, "text": "Because they have words for wheel and other cultures don't,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-013", "start": 459.78, "end": 461.8, "text": "okay? So they were the first to invent the wheel.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-014", "start": 462.57, "end": 467.03, "text": "Second is that they have words for dairy products,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-015", "start": 467.25, "end": 468.27, "text": "okay? Cow milk.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-016", "start": 468.49, "end": 469.43, "text": "And this is important.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-017", "start": 470.44, "end": 473.3, "text": "Why? Do you guys know why this is important?", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-018", "start": 475.58, "end": 476.62, "text": "Why is this strange?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-019", "start": 485.98, "end": 486.82, "text": "Yes. Okay.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-020", "start": 486.88, "end": 487.7, "text": "So they were raising livestock,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-021", "start": 488, "end": 489, "text": "okay? Okay.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-022", "start": 489.04, "end": 491.76, "text": "What makes it strange is that for most of human history,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-023", "start": 491.92, "end": 494.06, "text": "we were lactose intolerant.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-024", "start": 495.06, "end": 497.42, "text": "Meaning we did not have the ability to", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0006-chunk-025", "start": 497.42, "end": 498.18, "text": "drink milk.", "word_count": 2 } ], "text_sha256": "9da5747ab1c14515cee19fe8d4df74eebdca804ee35d4561c428015dcda340a6", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0006", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=424s", "time_label": "7:04", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0007", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoever these people are, are the first people to drink cow milk. Okay? The second characteristic, sorry, the third characteristic is they really don't have that many agricultural terms. Okay? So maybe they farmed, but they weren't focused on farming. Okay? Whereas other cultures were focused on farming. Okay? That's the third thing. And the fourth thing is they have words for horse. And this is important because this tells us that they were first to domesticate the horse. Meaning that they could control the horse. Okay? This is important because throughout history, horses, if they see a human, they run away. Okay? Because that's the best way to survive. If you see someone coming, you run away. This is what we call excitability.", "word_count": 161, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-001", "start": 498.36, "end": 502.4, "text": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-002", "start": 502.64, "end": 506.24, "text": "but they changed their system,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-003", "start": 506.38, "end": 509.68, "text": "biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-004", "start": 509.9, "end": 511.96, "text": "They now have the capacity to drink milk.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-005", "start": 512.14, "end": 512.96, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-006", "start": 513.44, "end": 514.88, "text": "So whoever these people are,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-007", "start": 515.08, "end": 517.62, "text": "are the first people to drink cow milk.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-008", "start": 518.35, "end": 521.07, "text": "Okay? The second characteristic, sorry,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-009", "start": 521.15, "end": 525.73, "text": "the third characteristic is they really don't have that many agricultural terms.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-010", "start": 525.93, "end": 528.33, "text": "Okay? So maybe they farmed,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-011", "start": 528.33, "end": 531.75, "text": "but they weren't focused on farming.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-012", "start": 531.83, "end": 535.83, "text": "Okay? Whereas other cultures were focused on farming.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-013", "start": 536.59, "end": 538.09, "text": "Okay? That's the third thing.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-014", "start": 538.23, "end": 542.11, "text": "And the fourth thing is they have words for horse.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-015", "start": 542.29, "end": 546.85, "text": "And this is important because this tells us that they were first", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-016", "start": 546.85, "end": 549.17, "text": "to domesticate the horse.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-017", "start": 549.55, "end": 551.71, "text": "Meaning that they could control the horse.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-018", "start": 551.87, "end": 556.55, "text": "Okay? This is important because throughout history,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-019", "start": 557.03, "end": 558.99, "text": "horses, if they see a human,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-020", "start": 559.15, "end": 559.95, "text": "they run away.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-021", "start": 560.19, "end": 562.51, "text": "Okay? Because that's the best way to survive.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-022", "start": 562.91, "end": 563.81, "text": "If you see someone coming,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-023", "start": 564.01, "end": 564.95, "text": "you run away.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-024", "start": 565.27, "end": 565.97, "text": "This is what", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0007-chunk-025", "start": 565.97, "end": 567.17, "text": "we call excitability.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "517bfc9fb754866becf4a878fc8816374a7fdb0f3fa7c28ccbc2def3cf075309", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0007", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=498s", "time_label": "8:18", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0008", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these people were, but based on their language, we're able to guess four things. Okay? So this is a theory. Now, what's interesting is that archaeologists start to dig up things, and they start to discover the language were right. Okay? By studying the language, the language had four hypotheses, and the archaeologists were able to provide evidence this is true. Okay? The most exciting thing is that for the past five to ten years, advances in genetics, DNA technology, we've been able to look at the DNA of these skeletons, and we've been able to confirm a lot of these hypotheses. Okay? Does that make sense? So what I'm telling you is, for the longest time, we guessed", "word_count": 157, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-001", "start": 567.57, "end": 569.55, "text": "Okay? Horses are excited.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-002", "start": 570.13, "end": 573.43, "text": "So it took thousands of years for these people,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-003", "start": 573.61, "end": 576.47, "text": "the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-004", "start": 576.67, "end": 579.17, "text": "which means they could ride the horse.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-005", "start": 580.75, "end": 581.71, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-006", "start": 581.71, "end": 583.83, "text": "So we don't know who these people were,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-007", "start": 584.11, "end": 585.83, "text": "but based on their language,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-008", "start": 586.13, "end": 588.17, "text": "we're able to guess four things.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-009", "start": 588.63, "end": 590.77, "text": "Okay? So this is a theory.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-010", "start": 591.11, "end": 596.91, "text": "Now, what's interesting is that archaeologists start to dig up things,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-011", "start": 597.13, "end": 601.71, "text": "and they start to discover the language were right.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-012", "start": 601.93, "end": 603.91, "text": "Okay? By studying the language,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-013", "start": 604.07, "end": 605.91, "text": "the language had four hypotheses,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-014", "start": 606.23, "end": 613.19, "text": "and the archaeologists were able to provide evidence this is true.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-015", "start": 613.33, "end": 616.91, "text": "Okay? The most exciting thing is that for the past five to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-016", "start": 616.91, "end": 619.35, "text": "ten years, advances in genetics,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-017", "start": 619.55, "end": 623.87, "text": "DNA technology, we've been able to look at the DNA of these", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-018", "start": 623.87, "end": 630.49, "text": "skeletons, and we've been able to confirm a lot of these hypotheses.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-019", "start": 630.85, "end": 631.59, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-020", "start": 632.13, "end": 633.85, "text": "So what I'm telling you is,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0008-chunk-021", "start": 634.15, "end": 637.35, "text": "for the longest time, we guessed", "word_count": 6 } ], "text_sha256": "d077ac5fd87740a4f68e1f1f10689ea0a884e04c176f366e674425dfd1821313", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0008", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=567s", "time_label": "9:27", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0009", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different words for wheels, and we're able to know from the archaeological evidence, the wheels were invented about 3500 BC. Okay? In this area. Okay? In Russia. And because wheels are part of Proto Indo European, then this language, whoever starts to first speak it, must have been speaking it after 3500 BC. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. There aren't that many agricultural terms in Proto Indo European. Okay? We have a lot of words for milk. Okay? To milk. Milk, sour milk, buttermilk, cheese, cow. Okay? So whoever these people were, dairy products were a very important part of their culture and their diet. This is DNA evidence that shows us that these people who we call the Yanaya, okay? These people are called the Yanaya.", "word_count": 165, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-001", "start": 637.35, "end": 639.75, "text": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-002", "start": 640.43, "end": 645.13, "text": "but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-003", "start": 645.13, "end": 645.83, "text": "who they were.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-004", "start": 646.07, "end": 647.29, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-005", "start": 651.49, "end": 652.13, "text": "All right.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-006", "start": 655.63, "end": 658, "text": "So, wheels.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-007", "start": 658.22, "end": 662.82, "text": "Okay? So again, they have five different words for wheels,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-008", "start": 663.04, "end": 667.98, "text": "and we're able to know from the archaeological evidence,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-009", "start": 668.24, "end": 672.34, "text": "the wheels were invented about 3500 BC.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-010", "start": 672.8, "end": 675.58, "text": "Okay? In this area.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-011", "start": 675.72, "end": 677.12, "text": "Okay? In Russia.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-012", "start": 678.65, "end": 682.89, "text": "And because wheels are part of Proto Indo European,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-013", "start": 683.29, "end": 686.69, "text": "then this language, whoever starts to first speak it,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-014", "start": 686.77, "end": 689.31, "text": "must have been speaking it after 3500 BC.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-015", "start": 689.53, "end": 690.31, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-016", "start": 691.5, "end": 692.04, "text": "All right.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-017", "start": 697.2, "end": 702.76, "text": "There aren't that many agricultural terms in Proto Indo European.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-018", "start": 703.08, "end": 714.22, "text": "Okay? We have a lot of words for milk.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-019", "start": 714.34, "end": 715.46, "text": "Okay? To milk.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-020", "start": 715.46, "end": 717.36, "text": "Milk, sour milk, buttermilk, cheese,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-021", "start": 717.68, "end": 718.96, "text": "cow. Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-022", "start": 719.16, "end": 720.96, "text": "So whoever these people were,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-023", "start": 721.3, "end": 725.02, "text": "dairy products were a very important part of their culture and their", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-024", "start": 725.02, "end": 736.82, "text": "diet. This is DNA evidence that shows us that these people who", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-025", "start": 736.82, "end": 738.32, "text": "we call the Yanaya, okay?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-026", "start": 738.44, "end": 738.72, "text": "These", "word_count": 1 }, { "id": "seg-0009-chunk-027", "start": 738.72, "end": 739.52, "text": "people are called the Yanaya.", "word_count": 5 } ], "text_sha256": "2849acfacb86cb7107804b495dbcbb921e3b1cc2f36b3e666a96a430612b1615", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0009", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=637s", "time_label": "10:37", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0010", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basically all drink milk. And because they could drink milk, what happens to their body? Can you guys know? What's the difference? If you drink milk, exactly, okay? So we know from the evidence that these people are taller than everyone else. In fact, these people, because they drink milk and they eat a lot of protein, they were on average 20 centimeters taller than farmers. Okay, does that make sense to you guys, okay? Yeah, go ahead. Okay, okay, okay, so the milk we drink today is very different from the milk that they drank before. You understand? The milk they drank before came from cows that were raised in grassland. You understand? So it was all natural.", "word_count": 158, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-001", "start": 741, "end": 746.28, "text": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-002", "start": 746.28, "end": 748.03, "text": "tolerant. Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-003", "start": 748.03, "end": 752.4, "text": "Okay, in about 4500 BCE,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-004", "start": 752.88, "end": 754.98, "text": "very few people could drink milk.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-005", "start": 755.34, "end": 757.22, "text": "And by the time of the Anaya,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-006", "start": 757.46, "end": 758.72, "text": "about a thousand years later,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-007", "start": 759.04, "end": 760.52, "text": "they could basically all drink milk.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-008", "start": 761.05, "end": 762.53, "text": "And because they could drink milk,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-009", "start": 762.61, "end": 764.07, "text": "what happens to their body?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-010", "start": 764.43, "end": 765.41, "text": "Can you guys know?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-011", "start": 766.61, "end": 767.43, "text": "What's the difference?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-012", "start": 767.61, "end": 770.49, "text": "If you drink milk, exactly,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-013", "start": 770.75, "end": 775.81, "text": "okay? So we know from the evidence that these people are taller", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-014", "start": 775.81, "end": 777.33, "text": "than everyone else.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-015", "start": 777.33, "end": 782.03, "text": "In fact, these people, because they drink milk and they eat a", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-016", "start": 782.03, "end": 788.37, "text": "lot of protein, they were on average 20 centimeters taller than farmers.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-017", "start": 788.79, "end": 790.13, "text": "Okay, does that make sense to you guys,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-018", "start": 790.27, "end": 793.95, "text": "okay? Yeah, go ahead.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-019", "start": 809.5, "end": 814.64, "text": "Okay, okay, okay, so the milk we drink today is very different", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-020", "start": 814.64, "end": 816.04, "text": "from the milk that they drank before.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-021", "start": 816.48, "end": 817.06, "text": "You understand?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-022", "start": 817.44, "end": 821.84, "text": "The milk they drank before came from cows that were raised in", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-023", "start": 821.84, "end": 823.4, "text": "grassland. You understand?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-024", "start": 823.4, "end": 823.68, "text": "So it", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0010-chunk-025", "start": 823.68, "end": 824.2, "text": "was all natural.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "a66309f3074af4425026514a395c36827d2e1e49cc5100ef6c5c4d90866b8c08", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0010", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=741s", "time_label": "12:21", "tags": [ "monologue", "exchange" ] }, { "id": "seg-0011", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0011", "start": 824.48, "end": 894.61, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "The milk we drink today comes from cows that were raised in factories. And we inject a lot of drugs and hormones into these cows. Did you understand? No, no, no, if you drink milk a lot, your bones will be healthier and you'll grow taller, okay? That's just biological evidence, okay? Does it make sense? But the milk we drink today, we put a lot of chemicals into the milk, and the source is the body. the milk is from factories okay and and the reason why is we want to make the milk cheaper but it's worse for you okay so in other words if you really want to be healthy what you should do is go buy a cow and drink from that cow okay do you understand all right okay so so are we clear okay all right now what's really interesting is the domestication of the horse okay so again there's a", "word_count": 157, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-001", "start": 824.48, "end": 828.8, "text": "The milk we drink today comes from cows that were raised in", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-002", "start": 828.8, "end": 833.04, "text": "factories. And we inject a lot of drugs and hormones into these", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-003", "start": 833.04, "end": 835.5, "text": "cows. Did you understand?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-004", "start": 844.02, "end": 846.8, "text": "No, no, no, if you drink milk a lot,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-005", "start": 847.64, "end": 850.28, "text": "your bones will be healthier and you'll grow taller,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-006", "start": 850.42, "end": 852.92, "text": "okay? That's just biological evidence,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-007", "start": 853.14, "end": 853.92, "text": "okay? Does it make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-008", "start": 854.36, "end": 855.86, "text": "But the milk we drink today,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-009", "start": 856.62, "end": 859.46, "text": "we put a lot of chemicals into the milk,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-010", "start": 859.5, "end": 860.8, "text": "and the source is the body.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-011", "start": 860.8, "end": 865.42, "text": "the milk is from factories okay and and the reason why is", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-012", "start": 865.42, "end": 868.4, "text": "we want to make the milk cheaper but it's worse for you", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-013", "start": 868.4, "end": 872.22, "text": "okay so in other words if you really want to be healthy", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-014", "start": 872.22, "end": 876.56, "text": "what you should do is go buy a cow and drink from", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-015", "start": 876.56, "end": 882.39, "text": "that cow okay do you understand all right okay so so are", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-016", "start": 882.39, "end": 891.13, "text": "we clear okay all right now what's really interesting is the domestication", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0011-chunk-017", "start": 891.13, "end": 894.61, "text": "of the horse okay so again there's a", "word_count": 8 } ], "text_sha256": "2e3975117e2c9143b4ac381204511ea2b01a9f965539445343bbb08cfd6e1397", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0011", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=824s", "time_label": "13:44", "tags": [ "exchange" ] }, { "id": "seg-0012", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "start": 894.61, "end": 968.17, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed to run away if it sees danger a human being and it took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020 bc to domesticate the horse because it's very hard to make horses not run away when there's danger it doesn't make sense so this is a very long story it's a long process but they were able to accomplish it um the further evidence for the domestication of a horse is we've been able to dig up skeletons okay and what we see is the skeletons of the anaya are different from other skeletons and it's because they ride horses okay that changes the curvature of the skeleton okay does it make sense guys okay so the evidence is pretty overwhelming um eventually they were able to put all the pieces together okay they were able to put the horse and the wheel together", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-001", "start": 894.61, "end": 902.44, "text": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-002", "start": 902.44, "end": 906.86, "text": "to run away if it sees danger a human being and it", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-003", "start": 906.86, "end": 911.74, "text": "took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-004", "start": 911.74, "end": 917.56, "text": "bc to domesticate the horse because it's very hard to make horses", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-005", "start": 917.56, "end": 922.12, "text": "not run away when there's danger it doesn't make sense so this", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-006", "start": 922.12, "end": 925.38, "text": "is a very long story it's a long process but they were", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-007", "start": 925.38, "end": 931.6, "text": "able to accomplish it um the further evidence for the domestication of", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-008", "start": 931.6, "end": 935.88, "text": "a horse is we've been able to dig up skeletons okay and", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-009", "start": 935.88, "end": 941.82, "text": "what we see is the skeletons of the anaya are different from", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-010", "start": 941.82, "end": 947.18, "text": "other skeletons and it's because they ride horses okay that changes the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-011", "start": 947.18, "end": 951.62, "text": "curvature of the skeleton okay does it make sense guys okay so", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-012", "start": 951.62, "end": 963.09, "text": "the evidence is pretty overwhelming um eventually they were able to put", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-013", "start": 963.09, "end": 966.91, "text": "all the pieces together okay they were able to put the horse", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0012-chunk-014", "start": 966.91, "end": 968.17, "text": "and the wheel together", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "3f8254a9629330736204d1cf8faa2bb53c98416d351696612f4f14efde931d27", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0012", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=894s", "time_label": "14:54", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0013", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia to me yes same okay but you see the way they um the way they make a living is they have like cows and sheep right and they take the cows and the sheep from place to place to eat the grass right and they're able to do that because they're able to put all the belongings into a wagon and move from place to place okay does that make sense so these are the people who were the first speakers of proto -indian indo -european and eventually they're able to spread their language all around the world okay from europe to india to iran okay it doesn't make sense guys now the question is okay we're able to", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-001", "start": 968.17, "end": 973.15, "text": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-002", "start": 973.15, "end": 977.53, "text": "move from place to place and they they became what we call", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-003", "start": 977.53, "end": 983.75, "text": "nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-004", "start": 984.52, "end": 989.58, "text": "you guys been to mongolia to me yes same okay but you", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-005", "start": 989.58, "end": 994.08, "text": "see the way they um the way they make a living is", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-006", "start": 994.08, "end": 998.04, "text": "they have like cows and sheep right and they take the cows", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-007", "start": 998.04, "end": 1001.64, "text": "and the sheep from place to place to eat the grass right", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-008", "start": 1001.64, "end": 1005.89, "text": "and they're able to do that because they're able to put all", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-009", "start": 1005.89, "end": 1010.27, "text": "the belongings into a wagon and move from place to place okay", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-010", "start": 1010.27, "end": 1015.03, "text": "does that make sense so these are the people who were the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-011", "start": 1015.03, "end": 1021.69, "text": "first speakers of proto -indian indo -european and eventually they're able to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-012", "start": 1021.69, "end": 1027.35, "text": "spread their language all around the world okay from europe to india", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-013", "start": 1027.35, "end": 1032.56, "text": "to iran okay it doesn't make sense guys now the question is", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0013-chunk-014", "start": 1032.56, "end": 1033.94, "text": "okay we're able to", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "647cf875c07acfb92a16bdba89547222afdded1eddd34ac0cb99a09b44b90d0c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0013", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=968s", "time_label": "16:08", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0014", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the first side um the first side believes these people were conquerors okay so think genghis khan and the mongols they went around they at least they they were able to spread their language by conquering other people okay so think genghis khan and the mongols think of the european conquest of north and south america where the english and the spaniards and the french went to north and south america and eradicated them and eradicated the local population okay so that's the first belief the second belief is that it was not violent okay it was just cultural diffusion meaning i came to your country or your village and i was able to influence you and convince you", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-001", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1038.56, "text": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-002", "start": 1038.56, "end": 1045.72, "text": "that they um did spread the language around the world now the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-003", "start": 1045.72, "end": 1050.7, "text": "question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-004", "start": 1050.7, "end": 1056.63, "text": "two sides to the argument the first side um the first side", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-005", "start": 1056.63, "end": 1061.85, "text": "believes these people were conquerors okay so think genghis khan and the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-006", "start": 1061.85, "end": 1065.73, "text": "mongols they went around they at least they they were able to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-007", "start": 1065.73, "end": 1070.38, "text": "spread their language by conquering other people okay so think genghis khan", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-008", "start": 1070.38, "end": 1075.96, "text": "and the mongols think of the european conquest of north and south", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-009", "start": 1075.96, "end": 1079.58, "text": "america where the english and the spaniards and the french went to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-010", "start": 1079.58, "end": 1082.68, "text": "north and south america and eradicated them and eradicated the local population", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-011", "start": 1082.68, "end": 1087.76, "text": "okay so that's the first belief the second belief is that it", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-012", "start": 1087.76, "end": 1094.78, "text": "was not violent okay it was just cultural diffusion meaning i came", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-013", "start": 1094.78, "end": 1100.82, "text": "to your country or your village and i was able to influence", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0014-chunk-014", "start": 1100.82, "end": 1103.02, "text": "you and convince you", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "099b8f8ea26fa0a931b4956acd9e4b9bee7f01509f5f41bca4dc72c9538e3222", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0014", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1033s", "time_label": "17:13", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0015", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will give us more life opportunities okay does that make sense so there's two sides of the debate either one of conquest or one of cultural diffusion and this debate went on for a long time okay and for most of the time we believed it was cultural diffusion okay so for now for the past five ten years we have overwhelming dna evidence that it was in fact conquest it was a genocide it was a violent conquest and this is what i will show you next class okay but in today's class what i will show you is the europe before the conquest okay does that make sense okay and then next class we will look at how europe", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-001", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1107, "text": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-002", "start": 1107, "end": 1112.74, "text": "so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-003", "start": 1112.74, "end": 1116.18, "text": "by the west but we want to learn english because we think", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-004", "start": 1116.18, "end": 1120.88, "text": "that learning english will give us more life opportunities okay does that", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-005", "start": 1120.88, "end": 1123.72, "text": "make sense so there's two sides of the debate either one of", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-006", "start": 1123.72, "end": 1130.26, "text": "conquest or one of cultural diffusion and this debate went on for", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-007", "start": 1130.26, "end": 1136.48, "text": "a long time okay and for most of the time we believed", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-008", "start": 1136.48, "end": 1142.25, "text": "it was cultural diffusion okay so for now for the past five", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-009", "start": 1142.25, "end": 1149.43, "text": "ten years we have overwhelming dna evidence that it was in fact", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-010", "start": 1149.43, "end": 1153.63, "text": "conquest it was a genocide it was a violent conquest and this", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-011", "start": 1153.63, "end": 1157.19, "text": "is what i will show you next class okay but in today's", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-012", "start": 1157.19, "end": 1162.43, "text": "class what i will show you is the europe before the conquest", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-013", "start": 1163.58, "end": 1167.2, "text": "okay does that make sense okay and then next class we will", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0015-chunk-014", "start": 1167.2, "end": 1168.48, "text": "look at how europe", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "3bd5d034d2bdd3dd31601d209c795b6137e2d89364b3c2cdd7ffba128192f37a", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0015", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1103s", "time_label": "18:23", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0016", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer is this if I conquer you I eradicate your genes I kill you okay therefore your genes do not come into the present day whereas if it's diffusion your genes are still around does that make sense okay so now what I will show you next class is sorry a lot of these genes have been eradicated therefore it must have been a violent conquest it doesn't make sense okay all right so um let's now look at Europe before the conquest and a lot of what we know about Europe comes from a very famous anthropologist her name is Maria Gombatis okay and we'll be spending a lot of time on this and we'll be spending a lot of", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-001", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1173.96, "text": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-002", "start": 1173.96, "end": 1190.24, "text": "any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-003", "start": 1190.24, "end": 1193.52, "text": "good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-004", "start": 1193.52, "end": 1200.44, "text": "diffusion okay the answer is this if I conquer you I eradicate", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-005", "start": 1200.44, "end": 1204.76, "text": "your genes I kill you okay therefore your genes do not come", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-006", "start": 1204.76, "end": 1209.84, "text": "into the present day whereas if it's diffusion your genes are still", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-007", "start": 1209.84, "end": 1215.29, "text": "around does that make sense okay so now what I will show", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-008", "start": 1215.29, "end": 1219.52, "text": "you next class is sorry a lot of these genes have been", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-009", "start": 1219.52, "end": 1223.84, "text": "eradicated therefore it must have been a violent conquest it doesn't make", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-010", "start": 1223.84, "end": 1233.73, "text": "sense okay all right so um let's now look at Europe before", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-011", "start": 1233.73, "end": 1239.85, "text": "the conquest and a lot of what we know about Europe comes", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-012", "start": 1239.85, "end": 1246.88, "text": "from a very famous anthropologist her name is Maria Gombatis okay and", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-013", "start": 1246.88, "end": 1248.54, "text": "we'll be spending a lot of time on this and we'll be", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0016-chunk-014", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1248.54, "text": "spending a lot of", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "c9c06708a6265fa401394b1c4290fabfecdae857bc6a7157e76abf8aea395e58", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0016", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1168s", "time_label": "19:28", "tags": [ "answer" ] }, { "id": "seg-0017", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture we also know that agriculture started in Anatolia Turkey and in Egypt and in Mesopotamia okay basically this region and the reason why is this place was the first to warm up but also had better soil than other places okay so they discovered farming in this region and about 600 BC e agriculture start to spread around the world ok to Europe and then over to England does it make sense guys okay another question then is what propelled this migration from Anatolia to Europe can you guys guess well what would what would propel the this migration? Okay, a good guess is war, okay? But we don't have any evidence of war around this time.", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-001", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1248.66, "text": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-002", "start": 1248.66, "end": 1253.58, "text": "today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-003", "start": 1253.64, "end": 1257.58, "text": "the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-004", "start": 1257.58, "end": 1262.78, "text": "planet is warming which allows for agriculture we also know that agriculture", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-005", "start": 1262.78, "end": 1272.14, "text": "started in Anatolia Turkey and in Egypt and in Mesopotamia okay basically", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-006", "start": 1272.56, "end": 1278.43, "text": "this region and the reason why is this place was the first", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-007", "start": 1278.43, "end": 1281.77, "text": "to warm up but also had better soil than other places okay", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-008", "start": 1281.77, "end": 1286.77, "text": "so they discovered farming in this region and about 600 BC e", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-009", "start": 1286.77, "end": 1293.21, "text": "agriculture start to spread around the world ok to Europe and then", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-010", "start": 1293.21, "end": 1299.19, "text": "over to England does it make sense guys okay another question then", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-011", "start": 1299.19, "end": 1306.57, "text": "is what propelled this migration from Anatolia to Europe can you guys", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-012", "start": 1306.57, "end": 1311.19, "text": "guess well what would what would propel the this migration?", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-013", "start": 1315.13, "end": 1316.99, "text": "Okay, a good guess is war,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0017-chunk-014", "start": 1317.11, "end": 1320.87, "text": "okay? But we don't have any evidence of war around this time.", "word_count": 12 } ], "text_sha256": "c0270c2e0a330fcb2f342bb9ab518a433ddf561c91e9a86852a11909f79ccc43", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0017", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1248s", "time_label": "20:48", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0018", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a long time in this area, which meant that the soil is longer as good as before, okay? So you had these massive migrations of families into Europe. Because Europe at this time, the weather was becoming a lot warmer, which allowed people to start to grow agriculture in this area, okay? So in about 6500 BCE, people started to move from Anatolia into this area. And because they were moving, they brought with them their religion, okay? Okay, remember like the religion of Kobletepe and Kanahoyak is one of the mother goddess, giving life to everything, okay? And because of that, we know that the people in this area were mainly egalitarian, peaceful, and artistic. Okay, does that make sense? Okay, what we'll study next class is that there were two massive migrations into Europe, all caused by climate change.", "word_count": 176, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-001", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1323.93, "text": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move?", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-002", "start": 1326.2, "end": 1327.06, "text": "Exactly, thank you.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-003", "start": 1327.08, "end": 1327.8, "text": "Climate change, okay?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-004", "start": 1327.94, "end": 1331.74, "text": "The weather became a lot cooler during this time,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-005", "start": 1331.82, "end": 1334.46, "text": "make it harder for people to farm,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-006", "start": 1334.6, "end": 1337.96, "text": "okay? Also, they've been farming for a long time in this area,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-007", "start": 1338.12, "end": 1343.78, "text": "which meant that the soil is longer as good as before,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-008", "start": 1343.94, "end": 1348.82, "text": "okay? So you had these massive migrations of families into Europe.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-009", "start": 1349, "end": 1351.24, "text": "Because Europe at this time,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-010", "start": 1351.26, "end": 1355.14, "text": "the weather was becoming a lot warmer,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-011", "start": 1355.44, "end": 1359.42, "text": "which allowed people to start to grow agriculture in this area,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-012", "start": 1359.5, "end": 1361.8, "text": "okay? So in about 6500 BCE,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-013", "start": 1362.22, "end": 1365.72, "text": "people started to move from Anatolia into this area.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-014", "start": 1366.12, "end": 1368.16, "text": "And because they were moving,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-015", "start": 1368.38, "end": 1371.02, "text": "they brought with them their religion,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-016", "start": 1371.18, "end": 1377.28, "text": "okay? Okay, remember like the religion of Kobletepe and Kanahoyak is one", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-017", "start": 1377.28, "end": 1379.58, "text": "of the mother goddess, giving life to everything,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-018", "start": 1379.86, "end": 1381.66, "text": "okay? And because of that,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-019", "start": 1381.8, "end": 1386.68, "text": "we know that the people in this area were mainly egalitarian,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-020", "start": 1387.54, "end": 1389.52, "text": "peaceful, and artistic.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-021", "start": 1389.84, "end": 1390.58, "text": "Okay, does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-022", "start": 1397.08, "end": 1400.69, "text": "Okay, what we'll study", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-023", "start": 1400.69, "end": 1405.17, "text": "next class is that there were two massive migrations into Europe,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0018-chunk-024", "start": 1405.27, "end": 1407.73, "text": "all caused by climate change.", "word_count": 5 } ], "text_sha256": "c14bcdfc72ac24cfebc9af601409aaa078f645e4e1104c6ca06fb05865dc8b1c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0018", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1321s", "time_label": "22:01", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0019", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will see is that about 4500 BCE, most people in Europe, their genes were a mix of farmers who came from Anatolia, as well as hunter gatherers who were there originally, okay? Does that make sense? But then, after 3000 BCE, you have this green come in, okay? And the green are the Yanaya, okay? The Proto -Indo -Europeans. And so I will show you this next class, okay? But I want you guys to understand what happened, okay? Does that make sense? Okay, so again, this is a map of the migration, okay? So agriculture was started in about 9000 BCE, in the Near East, Turkey, Anatolia, as well as Israel, Syria, Jordan.", "word_count": 155, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-001", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1410.89, "text": "The first migration are farmers,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-002", "start": 1411.05, "end": 1414.69, "text": "okay? The second migration are pastoralists.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-003", "start": 1414.89, "end": 1420.18, "text": "And what I will show you next class is that we will", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-004", "start": 1420.18, "end": 1421.08, "text": "look at the DNA evidence,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-005", "start": 1421.28, "end": 1424.92, "text": "okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-006", "start": 1425.12, "end": 1429.88, "text": "what you will see is that about 4500 BCE,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-007", "start": 1432.19, "end": 1437.27, "text": "most people in Europe, their genes were a mix of farmers who", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-008", "start": 1437.27, "end": 1441.05, "text": "came from Anatolia, as well as hunter gatherers who were there originally,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-009", "start": 1441.27, "end": 1442.11, "text": "okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-010", "start": 1442.73, "end": 1445.57, "text": "But then, after 3000 BCE,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-011", "start": 1445.97, "end": 1447.81, "text": "you have this green come in,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-012", "start": 1447.91, "end": 1450.99, "text": "okay? And the green are the Yanaya,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-013", "start": 1451.23, "end": 1453.19, "text": "okay? The Proto -Indo -Europeans.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-014", "start": 1453.69, "end": 1455.99, "text": "And so I will show you this next class,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-015", "start": 1456.21, "end": 1459.29, "text": "okay? But I want you guys to understand what happened,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-016", "start": 1459.45, "end": 1461.2, "text": "okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-017", "start": 1469.81, "end": 1473.85, "text": "Okay, so again, this is a map of the migration,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-018", "start": 1474.17, "end": 1477.37, "text": "okay? So agriculture was started in about 9000 BCE,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-019", "start": 1477.81, "end": 1478.25, "text": "in", "word_count": 1 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-020", "start": 1478.25, "end": 1482.03, "text": "the Near East, Turkey, Anatolia,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-021", "start": 1482.57, "end": 1484.81, "text": "as well as Israel, Syria,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0019-chunk-022", "start": 1484.97, "end": 1485.486, "text": "Jordan.", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "0668c87a377ace01f236ba9d7a26d16c9763ae25576c8be0db798ed105e49558", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0019", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1407s", "time_label": "23:27", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0020", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya were and how they conquered the world, okay? But at first, I want to look at the, let's look at the farmers who built Europe before the conquest of the Yanaya. So, again, Maria Gumbutas, who is an anthropologist, originally from Lutherania, but who worked at Harvard and UCLA, she's done decades of research into old Europe, okay? And her conclusion is that old Europe was conquered by the Yanaya people, okay? And this is what we know as the Kurgan hypothesis. So let me explain what the Kurgan hypothesis is. We know the burials of the farmers is very different from the burials of the Yanaya people. The major difference is this.", "word_count": 152, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-001", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1489.61, "text": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-002", "start": 1489.69, "end": 1492.75, "text": "okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-003", "start": 1492.97, "end": 1495.47, "text": "okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-004", "start": 1495.81, "end": 1500.33, "text": "the steppes, and they spread around the world.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-005", "start": 1500.57, "end": 1505.01, "text": "Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya were and how they conquered", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-006", "start": 1505.01, "end": 1506.09, "text": "the world, okay?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-007", "start": 1506.25, "end": 1507.95, "text": "But at first, I want to look at the,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-008", "start": 1507.95, "end": 1512.23, "text": "let's look at the farmers who built Europe before the conquest of", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-009", "start": 1512.23, "end": 1512.61, "text": "the Yanaya.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-010", "start": 1517.46, "end": 1523.03, "text": "So, again, Maria Gumbutas, who is an anthropologist,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-011", "start": 1523.13, "end": 1529.13, "text": "originally from Lutherania, but who worked at Harvard and UCLA,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-012", "start": 1529.65, "end": 1535.45, "text": "she's done decades of research into old Europe,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-013", "start": 1535.61, "end": 1547.06, "text": "okay? And her conclusion is that old Europe was conquered by the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-014", "start": 1547.06, "end": 1548.24, "text": "Yanaya people, okay?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-015", "start": 1548.34, "end": 1551.16, "text": "And this is what we know as the Kurgan hypothesis.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-016", "start": 1551.76, "end": 1553.98, "text": "So let me explain what the Kurgan hypothesis is.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-017", "start": 1554.9, "end": 1561.64, "text": "We know the burials of the farmers is very different from the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-018", "start": 1561.64, "end": 1563.32, "text": "burials of the Yanaya people.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-019", "start": 1563.54, "end": 1564.14, "text": "The major", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0020-chunk-020", "start": 1564.14, "end": 1564.96, "text": "difference is this.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "239814150d3c2e1778a6b75a6ad062efec57c66ceeae9b391a4ba06ceb2cb5ff", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0020", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1485s", "time_label": "24:45", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0021", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons and with cattle and horses. So what we can guess from this, okay, we don't have evidence, but what we can guess from this is that the farmers were people who did not have private property and who were egalitarian, okay, and who were peaceful because they didn't have any weapons. And the Yanaya were the complete opposite, okay? These were warriors who believed in private property and which was male -dominated, okay? Does that make sense? So this is what we refer to as the Kurgan hypothesis. And for the longest time, this is something that Maria Gumbates argued. And she was laughed at. Why was she laughed at? Why would people laugh at her? She's saying that, okay,", "word_count": 157, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-001", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1569.08, "text": "The people who are farmers are buried together,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-002", "start": 1569.28, "end": 1572.06, "text": "okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-003", "start": 1572.06, "end": 1572.58, "text": "The people of the Yanaya,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-004", "start": 1572.78, "end": 1573.86, "text": "they're buried alone.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-005", "start": 1574.5, "end": 1575.9, "text": "Not only are they buried alone,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-006", "start": 1576.16, "end": 1581.8, "text": "but they're buried with weapons and with cattle and horses.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-007", "start": 1582.58, "end": 1584.66, "text": "So what we can guess from this,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-008", "start": 1584.86, "end": 1585.74, "text": "okay, we don't have evidence,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-009", "start": 1585.9, "end": 1590.06, "text": "but what we can guess from this is that the farmers were", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-010", "start": 1590.06, "end": 1595.1, "text": "people who did not have private property and who were egalitarian,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-011", "start": 1595.4, "end": 1598.28, "text": "okay, and who were peaceful because they didn't have any weapons.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-012", "start": 1598.72, "end": 1601.04, "text": "And the Yanaya were the complete opposite,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-013", "start": 1601.3, "end": 1610.86, "text": "okay? These were warriors who believed in private property and which was", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-014", "start": 1610.86, "end": 1611.98, "text": "male -dominated, okay?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-015", "start": 1612.06, "end": 1612.48, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-016", "start": 1612.74, "end": 1616.62, "text": "So this is what we refer to as the Kurgan hypothesis.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-017", "start": 1617.38, "end": 1618.92, "text": "And for the longest time,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-018", "start": 1619.1, "end": 1622, "text": "this is something that Maria Gumbates argued.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-019", "start": 1623.4, "end": 1625.22, "text": "And she was laughed at.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-020", "start": 1625.44, "end": 1626.34, "text": "Why was she laughed at?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-021", "start": 1630.06, "end": 1631.4, "text": "Why would people laugh at her?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0021-chunk-022", "start": 1631.54, "end": 1632.46, "text": "She's saying that, okay,", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "2fdd1e59496b086b313a820f361f0f0843b3ff01159f91df7888ded75754333b", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0021", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1565s", "time_label": "26:05", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0022", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1651.79, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "before these Yanaya came to Europe, Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman, and it was artistic, and it was peaceful, and it was egalitarian. Why would people laugh at her? Yeah, they don't believe in her. Why?", "word_count": 41, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-001", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1635.26, "text": "before these Yanaya came to Europe,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-002", "start": 1635.26, "end": 1642.02, "text": "Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-003", "start": 1642.16, "end": 1645.5, "text": "and it was artistic, and it was peaceful,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-004", "start": 1645.68, "end": 1646.74, "text": "and it was egalitarian.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-005", "start": 1647.45, "end": 1648.75, "text": "Why would people laugh at her?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-006", "start": 1650.35, "end": 1651.47, "text": "Yeah, they don't believe in her.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0022-chunk-007", "start": 1651.55, "end": 1651.79, "text": "Why?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "3455bc8b275f7af05eba7b9dc8ddaf3bd52da12a656e65d930d16793705dd862", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0022", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1632s", "time_label": "27:12", "tags": [ "exchange" ] }, { "id": "seg-0023", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0023", "start": 1656.55, "end": 1660.07, "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "text": "Excuse me?", "word_count": 2, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0023-chunk-001", "start": 1656.55, "end": 1660.07, "text": "Excuse me?", "word_count": 2 } ], "text_sha256": "444dfbc70a0f53b41bde8a5ba90babecc6d83f2f7340bd2c96ac6d92061b090c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0023", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1656s", "time_label": "27:36", "tags": [ "exchange" ] }, { "id": "seg-0024", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would woman be in charge? They're stupid. They're useless. It's men who are always in charge, okay? That's one reason why they laugh at her. What's another reason why they would laugh at her? Okay, there are also a lot of people who believe, like, people are violent. We've had wars always, okay? The idea, like, for, like, thousand years, Europe was peaceful can't be true because people are violent. Humans are meant to go to war against each other. Okay? And the third reason why people would laugh at her is we think, like, we are motivated by money. Right? If you don't have money, then why would you do anything? Does that make sense? So Maria Gumbotas had this radical idea that challenged the way that men saw the world.", "word_count": 172, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-001", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1668.16, "text": "Yeah, first of all, in universities,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-002", "start": 1668.4, "end": 1669.54, "text": "it's the men who are the professors,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-003", "start": 1669.7, "end": 1671.18, "text": "right? It's the men who are scholars.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-004", "start": 1671.36, "end": 1672.92, "text": "So there are many men who are like,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-005", "start": 1673.02, "end": 1676.5, "text": "there's no way woman can be in charge.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-006", "start": 1676.82, "end": 1678.56, "text": "They're idiots, okay?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-007", "start": 1679.07, "end": 1680.47, "text": "Why would woman be in charge?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-008", "start": 1681.48, "end": 1682.34, "text": "They're stupid.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-009", "start": 1682.44, "end": 1682.88, "text": "They're useless.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-010", "start": 1683.06, "end": 1684.56, "text": "It's men who are always in charge,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-011", "start": 1684.76, "end": 1686.92, "text": "okay? That's one reason why they laugh at her.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-012", "start": 1687.04, "end": 1689.18, "text": "What's another reason why they would laugh at her?", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-013", "start": 1695.06, "end": 1697.06, "text": "Okay, there are also a lot of people who believe,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-014", "start": 1697.12, "end": 1699.39, "text": "like, people are violent.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-015", "start": 1699.57, "end": 1701.51, "text": "We've had wars always, okay?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-016", "start": 1701.63, "end": 1703.19, "text": "The idea, like, for, like,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-017", "start": 1703.23, "end": 1709.63, "text": "thousand years, Europe was peaceful can't be true because people are violent.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-018", "start": 1709.77, "end": 1712.43, "text": "Humans are meant to go to war against each other.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-019", "start": 1712.43, "end": 1716.84, "text": "Okay? And the third reason why people would laugh at her is", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-020", "start": 1716.84, "end": 1720.1, "text": "we think, like, we are motivated by money.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-021", "start": 1720.96, "end": 1722.36, "text": "Right? If you don't have money,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-022", "start": 1722.56, "end": 1723.68, "text": "then why would you do anything?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-023", "start": 1724.26, "end": 1725.02, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-024", "start": 1725.5, "end": 1729.89, "text": "So Maria Gumbotas had", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0024-chunk-025", "start": 1729.89, "end": 1737.26, "text": "this radical idea that challenged the way that men saw the world.", "word_count": 12 } ], "text_sha256": "e3e6aa5c0a0939252e67d2998ddd317cefa8dbe07e76e0abbe91b348c56c3e22", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0024", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1665s", "time_label": "27:45", "tags": [ "exchange" ] }, { "id": "seg-0025", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's not true. For thousands of years, from 6500 BCE until about 2500 BCE, 4000 years before they were conquered, Europe was ruled by women. And because of that, Europe was peaceful, egalitarian, and artistic. Okay? This is a radical idea. And again, what I will show you next class is this idea that was laughed at for decades has now been confirmed by DNA evidence, meaning that this has been proven true by science. Okay? Does that make sense? Okay. So let's look at what Maria Gumbotas said. And she's written quite a few books. These are two of her most famous. The Language of the Goddess and The Civilization of the Goddess.", "word_count": 151, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-001", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1741.96, "text": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-002", "start": 1742.2, "end": 1743.64, "text": "There's always been wars.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-003", "start": 1743.64, "end": 1749.78, "text": "And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-004", "start": 1749.78, "end": 1750.52, "text": "hard. Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-005", "start": 1750.7, "end": 1753.5, "text": "And that's what men believe.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-006", "start": 1754.08, "end": 1756.04, "text": "And Maria Gumbotas said, no,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-007", "start": 1756.16, "end": 1756.92, "text": "that's not true.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-008", "start": 1757.02, "end": 1761.64, "text": "For thousands of years, from 6500 BCE until about 2500 BCE,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-009", "start": 1762.06, "end": 1764.24, "text": "4000 years before they were conquered,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-010", "start": 1764.54, "end": 1768.08, "text": "Europe was ruled by women.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-011", "start": 1768.32, "end": 1771.24, "text": "And because of that, Europe was peaceful,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-012", "start": 1771.38, "end": 1772.44, "text": "egalitarian, and artistic.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-013", "start": 1772.76, "end": 1774.74, "text": "Okay? This is a radical idea.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-014", "start": 1776.26, "end": 1781.46, "text": "And again, what I will show you next class is this idea", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-015", "start": 1781.46, "end": 1788.74, "text": "that was laughed at for decades has now been confirmed by DNA", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-016", "start": 1788.74, "end": 1793.36, "text": "evidence, meaning that this has been proven true by science.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-017", "start": 1793.54, "end": 1794.74, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-018", "start": 1795.68, "end": 1798.72, "text": "Okay. So let's look at what Maria Gumbotas said.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-019", "start": 1799.23, "end": 1801.39, "text": "And she's written quite a few books.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-020", "start": 1801.51, "end": 1802.65, "text": "These are two of her most famous.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-021", "start": 1802.65, "end": 1805.77, "text": "The Language of the Goddess and The Civilization", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0025-chunk-022", "start": 1805.77, "end": 1806.45, "text": "of the Goddess.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "b5383878c294675badee3f0d968fd1d9c8c8412c3f9bd30ed1281e0f0b7e98c9", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0025", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1738s", "time_label": "28:58", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0026", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And she studied their language and their cultural practice. Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions so far? Okay. So this is from The Civilization of the Goddess. And we'll read this together. Okay? And so this is her main argument about old Europe at that time. The goddess in all her manifestations was a symbol of the unity of all life in nature. Okay? So we are all connected together. Animals, trees, humans, we're all connected together. Okay? We're all one big family. Her power was in water and stone, in tomb and cave, in animals and birds, snakes and fish, hills, trees, and flowers. Hence the holistic and mythopoetic perception of all the sacredness and mystery of all there is on earth.", "word_count": 168, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-001", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1809.47, "text": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-002", "start": 1809.61, "end": 1813.49, "text": "their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-003", "start": 1813.49, "end": 1814.31, "text": "everything. Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-004", "start": 1815.76, "end": 1819.92, "text": "And so what she did was she went and she dug up", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-005", "start": 1819.92, "end": 1822.84, "text": "their graves to look at their art.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-006", "start": 1823.16, "end": 1825.58, "text": "And she studied their language and their cultural practice.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-007", "start": 1825.7, "end": 1826.46, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-008", "start": 1827.24, "end": 1828.24, "text": "Any questions so far?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-009", "start": 1834.3, "end": 1838.14, "text": "Okay. So this is from The Civilization of the Goddess.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-010", "start": 1838.22, "end": 1839, "text": "And we'll read this together.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-011", "start": 1839, "end": 1843.44, "text": "Okay? And so this is her main argument about old Europe at", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-012", "start": 1843.44, "end": 1843.98, "text": "that time.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-013", "start": 1844.65, "end": 1848.85, "text": "The goddess in all her manifestations was a symbol of the unity", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-014", "start": 1848.85, "end": 1850.79, "text": "of all life in nature.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-015", "start": 1850.93, "end": 1853.09, "text": "Okay? So we are all connected together.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-016", "start": 1853.49, "end": 1857.07, "text": "Animals, trees, humans, we're all connected together.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-017", "start": 1857.37, "end": 1859.85, "text": "Okay? We're all one big family.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-018", "start": 1860.57, "end": 1862.97, "text": "Her power was in water and stone,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-019", "start": 1863.19, "end": 1866.63, "text": "in tomb and cave, in animals and birds,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-020", "start": 1866.81, "end": 1868.91, "text": "snakes and fish, hills, trees,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-021", "start": 1869.05, "end": 1869.61, "text": "and flowers.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-022", "start": 1869.71, "end": 1873.95, "text": "Hence the holistic and mythopoetic perception of", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0026-chunk-023", "start": 1873.95, "end": 1877.17, "text": "all the sacredness and mystery of all there is on earth.", "word_count": 11 } ], "text_sha256": "13a548ffacd5f8b39a6aab102b09fb92c6cb046bae4200670e5ad303e2d7c45e", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0026", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1806s", "time_label": "30:06", "tags": [ "monologue", "reading-quoted-material" ] }, { "id": "seg-0027", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if you're walking and you see a bird, a small bird, pick it up. And heal it. Okay? Because that comes from the mother goddess. Okay? Does that make sense? This culture took deep delight in the natural wonders of this world. Its people did not produce lethal weapons or build forts in inexorable places as their successors did even when they were acquainted with metallurgy. Okay? So in other words, they had the technology to make weapons. They had the technology to build forts and make war, but they chose not to. Does that make sense? Okay? These people chose, purposely chose, not to commit violence against other people.", "word_count": 150, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-001", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1882.19, "text": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-002", "start": 1882.19, "end": 1884.55, "text": "by the mother goddess.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-003", "start": 1884.87, "end": 1889.07, "text": "If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-004", "start": 1889.07, "end": 1891.71, "text": "energy of the mother goddess.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-005", "start": 1891.83, "end": 1894.83, "text": "Okay? If you are walking on a,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-006", "start": 1895.01, "end": 1897.41, "text": "if you're walking and you see a bird,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-007", "start": 1897.57, "end": 1899.27, "text": "a small bird, pick it up.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-008", "start": 1899.71, "end": 1900.75, "text": "And heal it.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-009", "start": 1900.81, "end": 1902.51, "text": "Okay? Because that comes from the mother goddess.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-010", "start": 1903.17, "end": 1904.13, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-011", "start": 1905.57, "end": 1909.65, "text": "This culture took deep delight in the natural wonders of this world.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-012", "start": 1910.09, "end": 1914.79, "text": "Its people did not produce lethal weapons or build forts in inexorable", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-013", "start": 1914.79, "end": 1919.57, "text": "places as their successors did even when they were acquainted with metallurgy.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-014", "start": 1919.69, "end": 1920.85, "text": "Okay? So in other words,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-015", "start": 1920.95, "end": 1922.93, "text": "they had the technology to make weapons.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-016", "start": 1923.17, "end": 1926.15, "text": "They had the technology to build forts and make war,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-017", "start": 1926.27, "end": 1927.77, "text": "but they chose not to.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-018", "start": 1928.09, "end": 1928.93, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-019", "start": 1928.93, "end": 1933.58, "text": "Okay? These people chose, purposely chose,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-020", "start": 1933.86, "end": 1935.52, "text": "not to commit violence against other", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0027-chunk-021", "start": 1935.52, "end": 1936.068, "text": "people.", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "bb3bd272728d46ad2b6dca68219919325de56ca087fbe6a56b4bb0942d11d66b", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0027", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1877s", "time_label": "31:17", "tags": [ "reading-quoted-material" ] }, { "id": "seg-0028", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stability and age free of strife. Their culture was a culture of art. It doesn't make sense. They spent all their time and energy in producing art to celebrate the mother goddess and to celebrate nature and to celebrate themselves. Okay? And this was remarkably peaceful and stable. Does that make sense, guys? Okay. Any questions so far? Okay. What was amazing about this culture is they invented writing. Okay? Now, for the longest time, we believe that the Sumerians, which we will discuss later on, the Sumerians who lived in Iraq, we believe they discovered writing. Okay? And we discovered that writing came about for economic purposes. Okay? So, for example, if you are in Sumeria and you need to build a temple, okay, what you do is you create writing.", "word_count": 162, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-001", "start": 1936.068, "end": 1938.81, "text": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-002", "start": 1938.81, "end": 1943.07, "text": "shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-003", "start": 1943.29, "end": 1946.39, "text": "and created superb pottery and sculptures.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-004", "start": 1946.75, "end": 1952.13, "text": "This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stability and", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-005", "start": 1952.13, "end": 1953.23, "text": "age free of strife.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-006", "start": 1953.43, "end": 1955.21, "text": "Their culture was a culture of art.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-007", "start": 1955.47, "end": 1956.49, "text": "It doesn't make sense.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-008", "start": 1956.73, "end": 1961.87, "text": "They spent all their time and energy in producing art to celebrate", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-009", "start": 1961.87, "end": 1964.99, "text": "the mother goddess and to celebrate nature and to celebrate themselves.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-010", "start": 1965.43, "end": 1968.43, "text": "Okay? And this was remarkably peaceful and stable.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-011", "start": 1968.81, "end": 1969.83, "text": "Does that make sense, guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-012", "start": 1970.99, "end": 1972.41, "text": "Okay. Any questions so far?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-013", "start": 1974.69, "end": 1982.22, "text": "Okay. What was amazing about this culture is they invented writing.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-014", "start": 1982.58, "end": 1984.42, "text": "Okay? Now, for the longest time,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-015", "start": 1984.58, "end": 1986.56, "text": "we believe that the Sumerians,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-016", "start": 1986.6, "end": 1988.3, "text": "which we will discuss later on,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-017", "start": 1988.36, "end": 1990.26, "text": "the Sumerians who lived in Iraq,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-018", "start": 1990.56, "end": 1994.54, "text": "we believe they discovered writing.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-019", "start": 1995.12, "end": 1998.1, "text": "Okay? And we discovered that writing came about for economic purposes.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-020", "start": 1998.38, "end": 2002.16, "text": "Okay? So, for example, if you are in Sumeria and you need", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-021", "start": 2002.16, "end": 2004.58, "text": "to build a temple, okay,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-022", "start": 2004.7, "end": 2006.34, "text": "what you do is", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0028-chunk-023", "start": 2006.34, "end": 2007.06, "text": "you create writing.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "151a8c5ea1eb7cfb0c7049b3ff7e28a66fea3010c4408541cfd8c1c0446bcc14", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0028", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=1936s", "time_label": "32:16", "tags": [ "reading-quoted-material", "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0029", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "start": 2007.3, "end": 2012.02, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So, for example, okay, here's a clay, and I say this.", "word_count": 11, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0029-chunk-001", "start": 2007.3, "end": 2010.72, "text": "So, for example, okay, here's a clay,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0029-chunk-002", "start": 2010.92, "end": 2012.02, "text": "and I say this.", "word_count": 4 } ], "text_sha256": "ed9b59097d03bc9b32bf0898bba389d8e6d4806cdd0c9e59cfd2859488e87fe8", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0029", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2007s", "time_label": "33:27", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0030", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030", "start": 2019.91, "end": 2020.35, "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0030-chunk-001", "start": 2019.91, "end": 2020.35, "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "fbde817e595df0c8ff19d0091636466638f3742d52658615f50e09b97747e85f", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0030", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2019s", "time_label": "33:39", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0031", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sense? So, we thought that for the longest time, people created writing because, or for economic purposes. Okay? In order to have an economy. But what Maria Gumbatis has discovered is, no, we actually created writing before for religious purposes. Okay? So, for example, if I have a painting, okay, and it goes like this, okay, and it goes like this, then what I'm saying is, the mother goddess blesses this sculpture with her life and with the abundance of water in nature. Okay? Does that make sense? So, writing is a way to communicate with the mother goddess. It's a way to make divine and sacred our art. Does it make sense, guys? Okay?", "word_count": 156, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-001", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2022.35, "text": "So, this is writing, right?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-002", "start": 2022.71, "end": 2023.65, "text": "What does this mean?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-003", "start": 2023.69, "end": 2026.16, "text": "It means, like, these two people,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-004", "start": 2026.24, "end": 2029.68, "text": "this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-005", "start": 2029.68, "end": 2033.24, "text": "tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-006", "start": 2033.76, "end": 2034.58, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-007", "start": 2035.53, "end": 2038.37, "text": "So, we thought that for the longest time,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-008", "start": 2039.42, "end": 2043.94, "text": "people created writing because, or for economic purposes.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-009", "start": 2044.28, "end": 2046.12, "text": "Okay? In order to have an economy.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-010", "start": 2046.83, "end": 2049.65, "text": "But what Maria Gumbatis has discovered is,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-011", "start": 2049.81, "end": 2054.11, "text": "no, we actually created writing before for religious purposes.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-012", "start": 2054.37, "end": 2057.03, "text": "Okay? So, for example, if I have a painting,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-013", "start": 2057.31, "end": 2058.99, "text": "okay, and it goes like this,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-014", "start": 2059.11, "end": 2063.47, "text": "okay, and it goes like this,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-015", "start": 2063.67, "end": 2065.03, "text": "then what I'm saying is,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-016", "start": 2065.31, "end": 2077.78, "text": "the mother goddess blesses this sculpture with her life and with the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-017", "start": 2078, "end": 2079.36, "text": "abundance of water in nature.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-018", "start": 2079.54, "end": 2080.8, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-019", "start": 2081.26, "end": 2084.98, "text": "So, writing is a way to communicate with the mother goddess.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-020", "start": 2085.18, "end": 2089.86, "text": "It's a way to make divine and sacred our art.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-021", "start": 2090.06, "end": 2090.82, "text": "Does it make sense, guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0031-chunk-022", "start": 2091.12, "end": 2092.032, "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "deef154094d64ce353cc09362275e5393951745edaa219e71c1b705312995636", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0031", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2020s", "time_label": "33:40", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0032", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, in today's culture, when we think of snake, we think of poison, danger, right? We've been taught that snakes are dangerous. But in this culture, the snake was a symbol of life, energy, and regeneration. So, in today's world, because, you know, snakes can shed their skin. Right? A most benevolent, not an evil creature. Okay? So, that's one major difference. Another major difference between our culture and their culture is, in today's world, we think that white is good, black is bad. Right? And we can't imagine that black is good, white is bad. Right? But in their culture, that's exactly what they believe. Okay? Black did not mean death or the underworld. It was the color of fertility. The color of damp caves and rich soil, of the womb of the goddess where life begins.", "word_count": 174, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-001", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2097.22, "text": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-002", "start": 2099.58, "end": 2104.96, "text": "Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-003", "start": 2105.9, "end": 2110.12, "text": "between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-004", "start": 2110.12, "end": 2110.56, "text": "is. Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-005", "start": 2111.04, "end": 2113.5, "text": "So, for example, in today's culture,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-006", "start": 2113.62, "end": 2114.68, "text": "when we think of snake,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-007", "start": 2114.8, "end": 2117.14, "text": "we think of poison, danger,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-008", "start": 2117.44, "end": 2120.24, "text": "right? We've been taught that snakes are dangerous.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-009", "start": 2120.6, "end": 2124.16, "text": "But in this culture, the snake was a symbol of life,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-010", "start": 2124.16, "end": 2125.06, "text": "energy, and regeneration.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-011", "start": 2125.08, "end": 2126.3, "text": "So, in today's world, because,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-012", "start": 2126.58, "end": 2128.6, "text": "you know, snakes can shed their skin.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-013", "start": 2128.72, "end": 2131.94, "text": "Right? A most benevolent, not an evil creature.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-014", "start": 2132.12, "end": 2133.42, "text": "Okay? So, that's one major difference.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-015", "start": 2133.8, "end": 2136.86, "text": "Another major difference between our culture and their culture is,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-016", "start": 2137.02, "end": 2140.98, "text": "in today's world, we think that white is good,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-017", "start": 2141.1, "end": 2142.28, "text": "black is bad.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-018", "start": 2142.42, "end": 2149.13, "text": "Right? And we can't imagine that black is good,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-019", "start": 2149.23, "end": 2150.21, "text": "white is bad.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-020", "start": 2150.33, "end": 2152.19, "text": "Right? But in their culture,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-021", "start": 2152.47, "end": 2154.03, "text": "that's exactly what they believe.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-022", "start": 2154.13, "end": 2157.11, "text": "Okay? Black did not mean death or the underworld.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-023", "start": 2157.31, "end": 2159.01, "text": "It was the color of fertility.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-024", "start": 2159.47, "end": 2161.49, "text": "The color of damp caves and rich", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0032-chunk-025", "start": 2161.49, "end": 2164.85, "text": "soil, of the womb of the goddess where life begins.", "word_count": 10 } ], "text_sha256": "7669fd46422df77da47a4a9afe2211bd19fad362879ef03a7d9b5d6f5a023cfc", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0032", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2092s", "time_label": "34:52", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0033", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it symbolized life. And we can't possibly imagine that today. Right? Okay? The last thing I want to talk about, and this is actually the most controversial thing, is back then, for most of human history, woman had power and agency. Okay? What I mean by that is, back then, a woman's body was her body. She could choose to do whatever she wants with her body. Does that make sense? In today's world, a woman can choose to do whatever she wants If you get married, right? If a woman gets married, then we assume the woman's body belongs to the husband. Only the husband can sleep with her.", "word_count": 150, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-001", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2166.49, "text": "White on the other hand,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-002", "start": 2166.51, "end": 2168.97, "text": "was the color of death,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-003", "start": 2169.19, "end": 2169.93, "text": "of bones.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-004", "start": 2170.29, "end": 2171.13, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-005", "start": 2171.93, "end": 2175.15, "text": "So, back then, for most of human history,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-006", "start": 2175.29, "end": 2182.08, "text": "we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-007", "start": 2182.28, "end": 2185.38, "text": "and black was good because it symbolized life.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-008", "start": 2185.87, "end": 2187.75, "text": "And we can't possibly imagine that today.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-009", "start": 2187.89, "end": 2188.89, "text": "Right? Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-010", "start": 2188.95, "end": 2190.33, "text": "The last thing I want to talk about,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-011", "start": 2190.49, "end": 2192.49, "text": "and this is actually the most controversial thing,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-012", "start": 2192.65, "end": 2197.02, "text": "is back then, for most of human history,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-013", "start": 2197.34, "end": 2200.76, "text": "woman had power and agency.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-014", "start": 2201.08, "end": 2203.04, "text": "Okay? What I mean by that is,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-015", "start": 2203.2, "end": 2206.82, "text": "back then, a woman's body was her body.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-016", "start": 2206.96, "end": 2211.98, "text": "She could choose to do whatever she wants with her body.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-017", "start": 2212.34, "end": 2213.02, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-018", "start": 2214.33, "end": 2216.82, "text": "In today's world, a woman can choose to do whatever she wants", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-019", "start": 2216.82, "end": 2217.78, "text": "If you get married, right?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-020", "start": 2217.82, "end": 2218.72, "text": "If a woman gets married,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-021", "start": 2218.88, "end": 2223.32, "text": "then we assume the woman's body belongs to the husband.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0033-chunk-022", "start": 2223.82, "end": 2225.72, "text": "Only the husband can sleep with her.", "word_count": 7 } ], "text_sha256": "f2712e49ee9a3bef30cec7eabbf3592c95c2110043fc64e1b7a36ce7f16f1422", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0033", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2165s", "time_label": "36:05", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0034", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for example, okay, if a man sleeps with a thousand women, we think, great. He's a stud. He's good looking. He's rich. He's tall. He's a stud. Right? But, hey, if a woman sleeps with a thousand men, she's a slut. She's a bad person. She has no ethical, uh, she lacks ethics. She lacks morality. She's a, she has no character. Therefore, we must avoid her. Okay? Why does this make any logical sense? Why is this true? Guys, why is this true? Okay? Yeah? Exactly. We, we have this, okay? We have this prejudice because men are considered superior to women and, therefore, men want to control women. And the best way to do that is by controlling the woman's body.", "word_count": 163, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-001", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2226.94, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-002", "start": 2227.62, "end": 2229.54, "text": "But for most of human history,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-003", "start": 2229.7, "end": 2230.98, "text": "this was not true.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-004", "start": 2231.12, "end": 2233.82, "text": "Okay? All right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-005", "start": 2238.63, "end": 2240.43, "text": "So, you look at sexual taboos today.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-006", "start": 2240.67, "end": 2242.79, "text": "Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos?", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-007", "start": 2242.97, "end": 2245.93, "text": "To shame woman into proper behavior.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-008", "start": 2246.21, "end": 2248.09, "text": "Okay? So, for example, okay,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-009", "start": 2248.21, "end": 2250.89, "text": "if a man sleeps with a thousand women,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-010", "start": 2250.89, "end": 2252.37, "text": "we think, great.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-011", "start": 2252.65, "end": 2253.41, "text": "He's a stud.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-012", "start": 2253.53, "end": 2254.23, "text": "He's good looking.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-013", "start": 2254.31, "end": 2254.81, "text": "He's rich.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-014", "start": 2254.93, "end": 2255.57, "text": "He's tall.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-015", "start": 2256.09, "end": 2256.95, "text": "He's a stud.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-016", "start": 2257.05, "end": 2260.77, "text": "Right? But, hey, if a woman sleeps with a thousand men,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-017", "start": 2260.97, "end": 2262.01, "text": "she's a slut.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-018", "start": 2262.19, "end": 2263.51, "text": "She's a bad person.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-019", "start": 2263.79, "end": 2266.61, "text": "She has no ethical, uh,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-020", "start": 2266.81, "end": 2268.11, "text": "she lacks ethics.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-021", "start": 2268.29, "end": 2269.07, "text": "She lacks morality.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-022", "start": 2269.41, "end": 2270.93, "text": "She's a, she has no character.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-023", "start": 2271.11, "end": 2272.79, "text": "Therefore, we must avoid her.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-024", "start": 2272.87, "end": 2276.56, "text": "Okay? Why does this make any logical sense?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-025", "start": 2279.47, "end": 2280.43, "text": "Why is this true?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-026", "start": 2284.35, "end": 2285.75, "text": "Guys, why is this true?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-027", "start": 2290.06, "end": 2291.88, "text": "Okay? Yeah?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-028", "start": 2306.64, "end": 2308.46, "text": "Exactly. We, we have this,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-029", "start": 2308.46, "end": 2313.4, "text": "okay? We have this prejudice because men are considered superior to women", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-030", "start": 2313.4, "end": 2315.76, "text": "and, therefore, men want to control women.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-031", "start": 2316.41, "end": 2318.37, "text": "And the best way to do that is by controlling", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0034-chunk-032", "start": 2318.37, "end": 2319.19, "text": "the woman's body.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "ac205273e60837f55307d476bf16a15f49fed2d697a9954668ee1444dbf0e46c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0034", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2226s", "time_label": "37:06", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0035", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women want to have sex. There's something wrong with that. Okay? So, for example, we look at monkeys, Reese's monkeys. And females will aggressively seek males out for sex. Okay? So it's the females that are proactive. You also look at Bonobo's monkeys. Okay? And Bonobo's monkeys, it's interesting because the females are in charge. The females have sex with each other. Why? Why do they have sex with each other? Why will females have sex with each other? What's the purpose of that? Unity, right? Does it make sense? Unity. To get along. To cooperate better. Okay? And then they will also have sex with males. But they initiate the sex. Okay? There are some cultures where it's the female that will initiate the sex with the male.", "word_count": 167, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-001", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2320.41, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-002", "start": 2320.91, "end": 2323.29, "text": "Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-003", "start": 2323.59, "end": 2326.83, "text": "There's no biological evidence this is true.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-004", "start": 2326.95, "end": 2328.77, "text": "Okay? All right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-005", "start": 2329.15, "end": 2340.14, "text": "So, um, we have a lot of evidence that,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-006", "start": 2340.3, "end": 2345.37, "text": "um, women want sexual agency.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-007", "start": 2345.55, "end": 2347.21, "text": "Okay? Women want to have sex.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-008", "start": 2347.71, "end": 2349.03, "text": "There's something wrong with that.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-009", "start": 2349.49, "end": 2352.23, "text": "Okay? So, for example, we look at monkeys,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-010", "start": 2352.35, "end": 2352.83, "text": "Reese's monkeys.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-011", "start": 2353.31, "end": 2358.73, "text": "And females will aggressively seek males out for sex.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-012", "start": 2358.87, "end": 2361.41, "text": "Okay? So it's the females that are proactive.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-013", "start": 2362.58, "end": 2365.84, "text": "You also look at Bonobo's monkeys.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-014", "start": 2366.04, "end": 2370.7, "text": "Okay? And Bonobo's monkeys, it's interesting because the females are in charge.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-015", "start": 2370.98, "end": 2373, "text": "The females have sex with each other.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-016", "start": 2373.68, "end": 2376.5, "text": "Why? Why do they have sex with each other?", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-017", "start": 2378.21, "end": 2380.39, "text": "Why will females have sex with each other?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-018", "start": 2380.57, "end": 2381.77, "text": "What's the purpose of that?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-019", "start": 2385.3, "end": 2386.14, "text": "Unity, right?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-020", "start": 2386.44, "end": 2387.26, "text": "Does it make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-021", "start": 2387.74, "end": 2388.92, "text": "Unity. To get along.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-022", "start": 2389.2, "end": 2389.94, "text": "To cooperate better.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-023", "start": 2390.36, "end": 2397.37, "text": "Okay? And then they will also have sex with males.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-024", "start": 2397.53, "end": 2398.77, "text": "But they initiate the sex.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-025", "start": 2398.77, "end": 2403.45, "text": "Okay? There are some cultures where it's", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0035-chunk-026", "start": 2403.45, "end": 2407.27, "text": "the female that will initiate the sex with the male.", "word_count": 10 } ], "text_sha256": "07e745c3132619aa85c1b07662023f35c292af3d3b528138e90f2164bae665a0", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0035", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2319s", "time_label": "38:39", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0036", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning, like, before, where men and women did the same work, both had the same political power. But once men showed that they could contribute more to society, men started to have more power. Okay? Does that make sense? So, in other words, differences between men and women are not biological constructs. Okay? They are cultural constructs. And for most of human history, they were equal. Okay? Any questions so far? Okay. So, the idea of black and white, it's a, like, white is good, black is bad. It's a recent construct. Okay? It comes from the idea of race. Okay? And race was invented about 20 years ago. Why? Because Europe was going around conquering the world.", "word_count": 151, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-001", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2409.17, "text": "Okay? All right?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-002", "start": 2409.31, "end": 2411.73, "text": "So, at Harvard and UCLA,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-003", "start": 2412.23, "end": 2418.43, "text": "they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-004", "start": 2418.51, "end": 2425.08, "text": "agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-005", "start": 2425.08, "end": 2425.52, "text": "the labor force.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-006", "start": 2425.7, "end": 2430.42, "text": "Okay? Meaning, like, before, where men and women did the same work,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-007", "start": 2431.09, "end": 2433.39, "text": "both had the same political power.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-008", "start": 2434, "end": 2438.68, "text": "But once men showed that they could contribute more to society,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-009", "start": 2438.96, "end": 2440.24, "text": "men started to have more power.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-010", "start": 2440.36, "end": 2440.98, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-011", "start": 2441.69, "end": 2448.73, "text": "So, in other words, differences between men and women are not biological", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-012", "start": 2449.89, "end": 2450.77, "text": "constructs. Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-013", "start": 2451.03, "end": 2453.47, "text": "They are cultural constructs.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-014", "start": 2455.04, "end": 2456.58, "text": "And for most of human history,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-015", "start": 2458.98, "end": 2459.54, "text": "they were equal.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-016", "start": 2461.06, "end": 2462.44, "text": "Okay? Any questions so far?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-017", "start": 2482.95, "end": 2486.47, "text": "Okay. So, the idea of black and white,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-018", "start": 2487.07, "end": 2488.85, "text": "it's a, like, white is good,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-019", "start": 2488.89, "end": 2489.57, "text": "black is bad.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-020", "start": 2489.83, "end": 2490.81, "text": "It's a recent construct.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-021", "start": 2490.99, "end": 2492.57, "text": "Okay? It comes from the idea of race.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-022", "start": 2494.06, "end": 2497.74, "text": "Okay? And race was invented about 20 years ago.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-023", "start": 2498.49, "end": 2501.33, "text": "Why? Because Europe was going around conquering the", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0036-chunk-024", "start": 2501.33, "end": 2501.645, "text": "world.", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "ac4e74d815cebcceb62caa3c414be371c5397368727c95f724e76eb99f9db80c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0036", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2407s", "time_label": "40:07", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0037", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it was to justify imperialism, the conquest of other people for no reason. Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So, all this is recent. Okay? All right. There's a really fun book called Sex at Dawn by Christopher Ryan. Okay? And what he argues is that for most of human history, women had sexual agency and they had multiple sexual partners. And one piece of evidence is this. Gorillas, right? They're the biggest primates. They're huge, right? Well, it turns out their penises, when fully erect, is only four centimeters. Okay? Men, who are a lot smaller than um, gorillas, when erect, they are at least almost four times as big as the gorilla penises. Okay?", "word_count": 155, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-001", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2504.79, "text": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-002", "start": 2505.21, "end": 2507.85, "text": "And the theory is because we're superior people.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-003", "start": 2508.31, "end": 2510.41, "text": "Our race is better than your race.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-004", "start": 2510.63, "end": 2511.51, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-005", "start": 2512.23, "end": 2515.41, "text": "So, race is a recent cultural construct.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-006", "start": 2517.09, "end": 2520.99, "text": "And, um, it was to justify imperialism,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-007", "start": 2521.07, "end": 2523.31, "text": "the conquest of other people for no reason.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-008", "start": 2523.43, "end": 2524.55, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-009", "start": 2525.32, "end": 2527, "text": "Okay? So, all this is recent.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-010", "start": 2527.1, "end": 2529.44, "text": "Okay? All right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-011", "start": 2531.82, "end": 2535.56, "text": "There's a really fun book called Sex at Dawn by Christopher Ryan.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-012", "start": 2535.7, "end": 2540.64, "text": "Okay? And what he argues is that for most of human history,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-013", "start": 2541.53, "end": 2547.09, "text": "women had sexual agency and they had multiple sexual partners.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-014", "start": 2547.31, "end": 2549.29, "text": "And one piece of evidence is this.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-015", "start": 2550.84, "end": 2551.86, "text": "Gorillas, right?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-016", "start": 2552.04, "end": 2554.39, "text": "They're the biggest primates.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-017", "start": 2554.51, "end": 2555.65, "text": "They're huge, right?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-018", "start": 2556.33, "end": 2558.45, "text": "Well, it turns out their penises,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-019", "start": 2558.81, "end": 2562.57, "text": "when fully erect, is only four centimeters.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-020", "start": 2562.93, "end": 2566.75, "text": "Okay? Men, who are a lot smaller than um,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-021", "start": 2567.13, "end": 2574.69, "text": "gorillas, when erect, they are at least almost four times as big", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-022", "start": 2574.69, "end": 2575.83, "text": "as the gorilla penises.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0037-chunk-023", "start": 2576.07, "end": 2576.632, "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "d79dd4b938ec2b67822936be38d0c0a88558bbc72ffc7189feaa5b308545e7f3", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0037", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2501s", "time_label": "41:41", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0038", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2677.15, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "So, the question then is, why is this the case? And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners, the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward. Does that make sense, guys? Okay? And so this is a, this is evidence that for most of human history, women have had multiple sexual partners. Okay? That, okay. So, even when women had partners, okay, a husband, they still had sexual partners. Okay? And in some societies, women have many husbands, usually brothers together. Okay? All right. Let me ask you this question. Why do they do this? All right? Because we've been taught this. We've been taught, okay, we exist to spread our genes. Right? You understand? So, if I marry someone, only if I'm sure that the offspring, the children, are mine, will I work hard to ensure that the children are fed and raised properly and educated? Okay? Does that make sense? So, we've been taught for a long time that we first care about our genes.", "word_count": 173, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-001", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2582.01, "text": "So, the question then is, why is this the case?", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-002", "start": 2582.31, "end": 2591.03, "text": "And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-003", "start": 2591.43, "end": 2599.18, "text": "the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-004", "start": 2599.42, "end": 2600.4, "text": "Does that make sense, guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-005", "start": 2601.7, "end": 2603.58, "text": "Okay? And so this is a,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-006", "start": 2603.68, "end": 2607, "text": "this is evidence that for most of human history,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-007", "start": 2607.72, "end": 2611.74, "text": "women have had multiple sexual partners.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-008", "start": 2612.77, "end": 2616.66, "text": "Okay? That, okay.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-009", "start": 2618.62, "end": 2622.58, "text": "So, even when women had partners,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-010", "start": 2622.78, "end": 2625.96, "text": "okay, a husband, they still had sexual partners.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-011", "start": 2626.64, "end": 2628.8, "text": "Okay? And in some societies,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-012", "start": 2629.02, "end": 2633.36, "text": "women have many husbands, usually brothers together.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-013", "start": 2633.68, "end": 2635.08, "text": "Okay? All right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-014", "start": 2635.14, "end": 2636.3, "text": "Let me ask you this question.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-015", "start": 2639.74, "end": 2640.98, "text": "Why do they do this?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-016", "start": 2643.51, "end": 2644.17, "text": "All right?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-017", "start": 2644.27, "end": 2646.05, "text": "Because we've been taught this.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-018", "start": 2646.13, "end": 2650.67, "text": "We've been taught, okay, we exist to spread our genes.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-019", "start": 2651.58, "end": 2653.49, "text": "Right? You understand?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-020", "start": 2653.91, "end": 2655.83, "text": "So, if I marry someone,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-021", "start": 2657.32, "end": 2660.8, "text": "only if I'm sure that the offspring,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-022", "start": 2661.16, "end": 2667.01, "text": "the children, are mine, will I work hard to ensure that the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-023", "start": 2667.01, "end": 2670.99, "text": "children are fed and raised properly and educated?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-024", "start": 2671.15, "end": 2671.71, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-025", "start": 2672.25, "end": 2673.37, "text": "So, we've been taught for a", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0038-chunk-026", "start": 2673.37, "end": 2677.15, "text": "long time that we first care about our genes.", "word_count": 9 } ], "text_sha256": "3a40c50fcd213585ec89bfb15712621a585b577cf13b7397ec77970ddc898a37", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0038", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2576s", "time_label": "42:56", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0039", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with the idea of religion. Okay? So, the first thing is that we all come from the mother goddess. We're all equal, right? So, it doesn't matter if my, if, it doesn't matter if it's my son or my friend's son. They're all the children of the mother goddess, and therefore, I have responsibility to protect the children. Okay? Does that make sense? So, there was no concept of individual. There was only a concept of community. Okay? That's the first thing. Second thing is they really didn't understand genes. Okay? They didn't, they didn't understand like, okay, a child has 50 % genes from the mother, 50 % genes from the father.", "word_count": 154, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-001", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2681.94, "text": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-002", "start": 2681.94, "end": 2686.24, "text": "as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-003", "start": 2688.24, "end": 2690.1, "text": "But, before most of human history,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-004", "start": 2690.24, "end": 2691.28, "text": "this was not true.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-005", "start": 2691.54, "end": 2698.09, "text": "Why? Why, guys?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-006", "start": 2701.63, "end": 2704.11, "text": "Okay. So, it has to do with the idea of religion.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-007", "start": 2704.53, "end": 2709.85, "text": "Okay? So, the first thing is that we all come from the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-008", "start": 2709.85, "end": 2710.49, "text": "mother goddess.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-009", "start": 2710.73, "end": 2711.95, "text": "We're all equal, right?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-010", "start": 2712.23, "end": 2714.55, "text": "So, it doesn't matter if my,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-011", "start": 2715.09, "end": 2720.57, "text": "if, it doesn't matter if it's my son or my friend's son.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-012", "start": 2720.81, "end": 2722.91, "text": "They're all the children of the mother goddess,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-013", "start": 2723.01, "end": 2727.33, "text": "and therefore, I have responsibility to protect the children.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-014", "start": 2727.53, "end": 2729.17, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-015", "start": 2730.39, "end": 2734.42, "text": "So, there was no concept of individual.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-016", "start": 2736.46, "end": 2738.12, "text": "There was only a concept of community.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-017", "start": 2738.62, "end": 2740.12, "text": "Okay? That's the first thing.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-018", "start": 2740.28, "end": 2744.85, "text": "Second thing is they really didn't understand genes.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-019", "start": 2745.13, "end": 2747.82, "text": "Okay? They didn't, they didn't understand like,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-020", "start": 2747.9, "end": 2753.34, "text": "okay, a child has 50 % genes from the mother,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-021", "start": 2753.44, "end": 2754.14, "text": "50 % genes", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0039-chunk-022", "start": 2754.14, "end": 2754.92, "text": "from the father.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "d3c2dde5a606ba15a13d05818b6dc27bd682916231062ed5cea9aec996c7e8f6", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0039", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2677s", "time_label": "44:37", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0040", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives energy, what? What? Right? But how would you get better energy? More men, right? You understand? If men are giving you energy, the more men you have sex with, the more energy you have. Does that make sense? So, the evidence is if you look at people in Melanesia, okay, they believe that semen provided energy. And so, you need, you need a lot of semen. Okay? So, what would happen is that when a woman married a husband, what would happen is the members of the husband's family would come and have sex with her that very night in order to get as much energy as possible from the family. Does that make sense, guys? Okay?", "word_count": 156, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-001", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2757.14, "text": "Okay? How they understood was,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-002", "start": 2757.3, "end": 2760.81, "text": "okay, you have the woman,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-003", "start": 2760.89, "end": 2762.76, "text": "she gives life.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-004", "start": 2762.88, "end": 2765.72, "text": "The, the man gives energy.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-005", "start": 2767.2, "end": 2768.24, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-006", "start": 2769.55, "end": 2770.39, "text": "Therefore, what?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-007", "start": 2770.67, "end": 2772.55, "text": "If you believe this, then,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-008", "start": 2772.59, "end": 2775.47, "text": "what? If the mother gives life,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-009", "start": 2776.11, "end": 2779.91, "text": "the man gives energy, what?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-010", "start": 2782.32, "end": 2786.72, "text": "What? Right?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-011", "start": 2787.02, "end": 2788.48, "text": "But how would you get better energy?", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-012", "start": 2793.64, "end": 2795.22, "text": "More men, right?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-013", "start": 2795.6, "end": 2796.22, "text": "You understand?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-014", "start": 2796.92, "end": 2798.18, "text": "If men are giving you energy,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-015", "start": 2798.48, "end": 2799.9, "text": "the more men you have sex with,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-016", "start": 2799.98, "end": 2801.28, "text": "the more energy you have.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-017", "start": 2802.14, "end": 2802.92, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-018", "start": 2809, "end": 2813.97, "text": "So, the evidence is if you look at people in Melanesia,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-019", "start": 2814.19, "end": 2817.4, "text": "okay, they believe that semen provided energy.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-020", "start": 2817.82, "end": 2820.06, "text": "And so, you need, you need a lot of semen.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-021", "start": 2820.24, "end": 2826.04, "text": "Okay? So, what would happen is that when a woman married a", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-022", "start": 2826.04, "end": 2831.3, "text": "husband, what would happen is the members of the husband's family would", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-023", "start": 2831.3, "end": 2834.24, "text": "come and have sex with her that very night in order to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-024", "start": 2834.24, "end": 2837.28, "text": "get as much energy as possible from the family.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-025", "start": 2837.77, "end": 2838.83, "text": "Does that make sense, guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0040-chunk-026", "start": 2838.83, "end": 2841.625, "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "38a8a42de4d1ee58a188cd0a9214f5830a4b2333c54e2b8a67eeac54e538545d", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0040", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2755s", "time_label": "45:55", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0041", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, one last piece of evidence is this. When you don't know who your, who's, when the, when the people don't know who the father is, everyone has a responsibility to protect the child. Okay? Does that make sense to you guys? Okay? So, the story is this Christian missionary, he goes into a village and he finds people just sleeping with each other. Okay? There's no marriage, there's no husband and wife. People are just sleeping with each other. And the priest says to them, you people are shameless. And one of the villagers replies, you have no sense. You French people love only your own children but we all love all the children of our tribe. Okay? You understand? So having multiple sexual partners is a way to build community for everyone.", "word_count": 172, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-001", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2845.08, "text": "Any questions so far?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-002", "start": 2845.3, "end": 2846.66, "text": "I know this is controversial,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-003", "start": 2847.3, "end": 2851.7, "text": "but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-004", "start": 2851.7, "end": 2855.6, "text": "radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-005", "start": 2857.89, "end": 2859.29, "text": "Okay? Does it make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-006", "start": 2864.22, "end": 2868.62, "text": "Okay. So, one last piece of evidence is this.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-007", "start": 2870.08, "end": 2875.97, "text": "When you don't know who your,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-008", "start": 2876.09, "end": 2880.19, "text": "who's, when the, when the people don't know who the father is,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-009", "start": 2880.85, "end": 2884.37, "text": "everyone has a responsibility to protect the child.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-010", "start": 2884.61, "end": 2885.85, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense to you guys?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-011", "start": 2886.25, "end": 2889.93, "text": "Okay? So, the story is this Christian missionary,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-012", "start": 2890.49, "end": 2894.69, "text": "he goes into a village and he finds people just sleeping with", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-013", "start": 2894.69, "end": 2894.99, "text": "each other.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-014", "start": 2895.05, "end": 2897.03, "text": "Okay? There's no marriage, there's no husband and wife.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-015", "start": 2897.17, "end": 2898.67, "text": "People are just sleeping with each other.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-016", "start": 2898.81, "end": 2900.97, "text": "And the priest says to them,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-017", "start": 2901.21, "end": 2902.95, "text": "you people are shameless.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-018", "start": 2906.86, "end": 2909.5, "text": "And one of the villagers replies,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-019", "start": 2911.95, "end": 2912.67, "text": "you have no sense.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-020", "start": 2913.03, "end": 2918.05, "text": "You French people love only your own children but we all love", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-021", "start": 2918.05, "end": 2920.11, "text": "all the children of our tribe.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-022", "start": 2920.51, "end": 2921.85, "text": "Okay? You understand?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-023", "start": 2922.21, "end": 2922.69, "text": "So having", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0041-chunk-024", "start": 2922.69, "end": 2927.65, "text": "multiple sexual partners is a way to build community for everyone.", "word_count": 11 } ], "text_sha256": "4a10b2492db618d1dc4855655829575764fcef9b054cb174675b4333445399c1", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0041", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2841s", "time_label": "47:21", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0042", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "start": 2928.33, "end": 2999.793, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "If you're a small community, okay, maybe 15, 20 people, it makes sense to make sure that everyone loves each other and everyone will protect all the children. Does it make sense guys? All right. So, let me tell you to illustrate this fact. We know that in World War II, okay, in World War II, American pilots, okay, what they were doing for, what they were doing is they were sleeping with each other's wife. Okay? Does that make sense? The reason why they were doing this is American pilots were more likely to die in war than any other soldiers. Does it make sense guys? Therefore, you slept with the wife of your colleagues in order to ensure that if you died, they would protect your children because there's a good chance you would die in war. Okay? You were afraid that if I died, who's going to look after my wife and who's going to look after my children?", "word_count": 162, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-001", "start": 2928.33, "end": 2929.31, "text": "If you're a small community,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-002", "start": 2929.47, "end": 2931.15, "text": "okay, maybe 15, 20 people,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-003", "start": 2931.39, "end": 2935.41, "text": "it makes sense to make sure that everyone loves each other and", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-004", "start": 2935.41, "end": 2937.65, "text": "everyone will protect all the children.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-005", "start": 2938.03, "end": 2938.99, "text": "Does it make sense guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-006", "start": 2939.25, "end": 2939.89, "text": "All right.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-007", "start": 2940.17, "end": 2943.57, "text": "So, let me tell you to illustrate this fact.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-008", "start": 2944.06, "end": 2946.36, "text": "We know that in World War II,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-009", "start": 2946.72, "end": 2948.04, "text": "okay, in World War II,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-010", "start": 2948.2, "end": 2956.9, "text": "American pilots, okay, what they were doing for,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-011", "start": 2957.16, "end": 2961.76, "text": "what they were doing is they were sleeping with each other's wife.", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-012", "start": 2963.26, "end": 2964.38, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-013", "start": 2964.9, "end": 2970.08, "text": "The reason why they were doing this is American pilots were more", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-014", "start": 2970.08, "end": 2974.4, "text": "likely to die in war than any other soldiers.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-015", "start": 2974.98, "end": 2975.96, "text": "Does it make sense guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-016", "start": 2977.18, "end": 2985.41, "text": "Therefore, you slept with the wife of your colleagues in order to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-017", "start": 2985.41, "end": 2986.85, "text": "ensure that if you died,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-018", "start": 2988.09, "end": 2993.9, "text": "they would protect your children because there's a good chance you would", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-019", "start": 2993.9, "end": 2994.4, "text": "die in war.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-020", "start": 2994.68, "end": 2996.44, "text": "Okay? You were afraid that if I died,", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-021", "start": 2996.54, "end": 2997.04, "text": "who's going", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-022", "start": 2997.04, "end": 2999.28, "text": "to look after my wife and who's going to look after my", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0042-chunk-023", "start": 2999.28, "end": 2999.793, "text": "children?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "9c6f56322e00908ead00158f6f2cdc5fb2f90133a833c492c2fd197203dd47fa", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0042", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2928s", "time_label": "48:48", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0043", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to understand. Okay? But, we have evidence that for, for, for most of human history, woman had sexual agency and power and sex was a way to build community. Okay? Does it make sense? Yeah? Okay. That's a great question. Okay? So the question is, is this backwards or is it primitive? Okay. And, what I want to show you this semester is that, okay, guys, there's no such concept as backward and primitive. Okay? The reason why we care about sex more than any other people is the idea of private property. Okay? Private property. Okay? So, for example, if I have a wife, and, I do have a wife.", "word_count": 152, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-001", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3005.43, "text": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-002", "start": 3005.43, "end": 3006.81, "text": "with each other's wife.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-003", "start": 3007.72, "end": 3010.26, "text": "So you became one big family.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-004", "start": 3011.92, "end": 3013.5, "text": "Okay? Does it make sense guys?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-005", "start": 3015.26, "end": 3016.48, "text": "Any questions so far?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-006", "start": 3019.92, "end": 3021.46, "text": "I know this is controversial.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-007", "start": 3021.58, "end": 3023, "text": "I know this is hard to understand.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-008", "start": 3023.24, "end": 3027.7, "text": "Okay? But, we have evidence that for,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-009", "start": 3027.84, "end": 3031.36, "text": "for, for most of human history,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-010", "start": 3031.68, "end": 3038.21, "text": "woman had sexual agency and power and sex was a way to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-011", "start": 3038.21, "end": 3039.25, "text": "build community.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-012", "start": 3039.79, "end": 3041.25, "text": "Okay? Does it make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-013", "start": 3041.49, "end": 3076.42, "text": "Yeah? Okay.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-014", "start": 3076.52, "end": 3077.1, "text": "That's a great question.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-015", "start": 3077.16, "end": 3078.16, "text": "Okay? So the question is,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-016", "start": 3078.88, "end": 3080.96, "text": "is this backwards or is it primitive?", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-017", "start": 3081.18, "end": 3085.42, "text": "Okay. And, what I want to show you this semester is that,", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-018", "start": 3085.96, "end": 3089.92, "text": "okay, guys, there's no such concept as backward and primitive.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-019", "start": 3090.14, "end": 3095.8, "text": "Okay? The reason why we care about sex more than any other", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-020", "start": 3095.8, "end": 3098.8, "text": "people is the idea of private property.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-021", "start": 3098.8, "end": 3101.11, "text": "Okay? Private property.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-022", "start": 3106.72, "end": 3110.36, "text": "Okay? So, for example, if I have a wife,", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-023", "start": 3111.15, "end": 3111.63, "text": "and,", "word_count": 1 }, { "id": "seg-0043-chunk-024", "start": 3111.77, "end": 3112.43, "text": "I do have a wife.", "word_count": 5 } ], "text_sha256": "e3d4c63a747f64216cd86f32b015d2a31bf1054980d79e90ff70c242572f612c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0043", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=2999s", "time_label": "49:59", "tags": [ "monologue", "answer" ] }, { "id": "seg-0044", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shameful because we live in a patriarchy. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. Okay. Sorry. Let me explain some more later on. Okay? All right. Let's move on. All right. So, I want to conclude with this idea. I want to conclude Maria Gumbutas argued that old Europe was ruled by women or women were part of the political class and because of that, Europe at that time was more peaceful than at any other time in its history. Does that make sense? So, another question then is why would women as a political class be more effective than men as a political class? Okay? And there are three reasons. All right?", "word_count": 156, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-001", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3113.59, "text": "Okay? We have three kids.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-002", "start": 3113.77, "end": 3117.77, "text": "Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-003", "start": 3119.57, "end": 3124.81, "text": "Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-004", "start": 3125.66, "end": 3127.18, "text": "then who gets the private property?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-005", "start": 3127.7, "end": 3133.79, "text": "So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shameful", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-006", "start": 3134.65, "end": 3137.03, "text": "because we live in a patriarchy.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-007", "start": 3138.93, "end": 3139.97, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-008", "start": 3140.41, "end": 3140.89, "text": "All right.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-009", "start": 3140.91, "end": 3141.51, "text": "Okay. Sorry.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-010", "start": 3141.85, "end": 3144.41, "text": "Let me explain some more later on.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-011", "start": 3144.43, "end": 3145.47, "text": "Okay? All right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-012", "start": 3145.53, "end": 3146.35, "text": "Let's move on.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-013", "start": 3149.61, "end": 3150.29, "text": "All right.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-014", "start": 3151.32, "end": 3153.26, "text": "So, I want to conclude with this idea.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-015", "start": 3154.56, "end": 3160.48, "text": "I want to conclude Maria Gumbutas argued that old Europe was ruled", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-016", "start": 3160.48, "end": 3163.86, "text": "by women or women were part of the political class and because", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-017", "start": 3163.86, "end": 3171.28, "text": "of that, Europe at that time was more peaceful than at any", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-018", "start": 3171.28, "end": 3173.14, "text": "other time in its history.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-019", "start": 3173.34, "end": 3174.16, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-020", "start": 3174.72, "end": 3179.72, "text": "So, another question then is why would women as a political class", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-021", "start": 3180.5, "end": 3185.88, "text": "be more effective than men as a political class?", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-022", "start": 3186.02, "end": 3186.98, "text": "Okay? And there are three reasons.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-023", "start": 3187.2, "end": 3187.54, "text": "All", "word_count": 1 }, { "id": "seg-0044-chunk-024", "start": 3187.54, "end": 3188.085, "text": "right?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "6c748535863e1de631815c308c9cdc32f210be9115be6e48fc4a85e8cc6a416d", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0044", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=3112s", "time_label": "51:52", "tags": [ "answer", "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0045", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3263.19, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and collaborate. Does that make sense? So, men are competitive. We like status. We like power. But women are much more humble. So, women are much more likely to compromise and cop and collaborate than men are. Okay? Does that make sense guys? Okay? So, if you if men are in control then men want all the power. But if women are in control then women are much more willing to share power with men. Does that make sense? The other thing is let's just say like your community gets in conflict with another community. Well, what would happen is the women leaders of your community would get together with the women leaders of that community and you could quickly negotiate a compromise. Right? But men are competitive. They like status. They like face. So, it's much more likely that when men start to negotiate it becomes violent. Does that make sense?", "word_count": 162, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-001", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3194.08, "text": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-002", "start": 3194.08, "end": 3195.82, "text": "collaborate. Does that make sense?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-003", "start": 3196.26, "end": 3198.38, "text": "So, men are competitive.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-004", "start": 3198.68, "end": 3199.92, "text": "We like status.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-005", "start": 3199.92, "end": 3200.66, "text": "We like power.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-006", "start": 3201.61, "end": 3204.67, "text": "But women are much more humble.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-007", "start": 3205.54, "end": 3213.77, "text": "So, women are much more likely to compromise and cop and collaborate", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-008", "start": 3214.05, "end": 3215.01, "text": "than men are.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-009", "start": 3215.13, "end": 3216.35, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense guys?", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-010", "start": 3217.54, "end": 3223.6, "text": "Okay? So, if you if men are in control then men want", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-011", "start": 3223.6, "end": 3224.08, "text": "all the power.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-012", "start": 3224.4, "end": 3227.62, "text": "But if women are in control then women are much more willing", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-013", "start": 3227.62, "end": 3229.6, "text": "to share power with men.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-014", "start": 3229.6, "end": 3230.94, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-015", "start": 3231.78, "end": 3235.96, "text": "The other thing is let's just say like your community gets in", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-016", "start": 3235.96, "end": 3237.5, "text": "conflict with another community.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-017", "start": 3237.82, "end": 3241.72, "text": "Well, what would happen is the women leaders of your community would", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-018", "start": 3241.72, "end": 3245.2, "text": "get together with the women leaders of that community and you could", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-019", "start": 3245.76, "end": 3248.34, "text": "quickly negotiate a compromise.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-020", "start": 3249.3, "end": 3251.84, "text": "Right? But men are competitive.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-021", "start": 3252, "end": 3252.78, "text": "They like status.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-022", "start": 3253.1, "end": 3254.16, "text": "They like face.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-023", "start": 3254.42, "end": 3260.95, "text": "So, it's much more likely that when men start to negotiate it", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-024", "start": 3260.95, "end": 3262.23, "text": "becomes violent.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-025", "start": 3262.49, "end": 3262.85, "text": "Does", "word_count": 1 }, { "id": "seg-0045-chunk-026", "start": 3262.85, "end": 3263.19, "text": "that make sense?", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "30bff99328f704d14a80e4386b98fc8aed9567a79166abe9bed65f2efe2dda97", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0045", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=3188s", "time_label": "53:08", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0046", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Meaning like men care about rules. Right? Women care more about you as a person. Therefore, women are much better at managing people. Does that make sense? Okay? The third thing is that men can use violence to coerce other people. Right? Women are not as physically strong as men. Therefore, they have other strategies for controlling men. And the two main strategies are gossip. Okay? Basically, talking about you behind your back which forces you to conform. But also, sex. Okay? So, if the woman spreads sex evenly among the men, the men have no reason to fight. And if someone, the man, does something bad against the community, the woman can choose to not have sex with this man. Okay?", "word_count": 157, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-001", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3266.83, "text": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-002", "start": 3266.93, "end": 3269.27, "text": "Women are better at collaborating and compromising.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-003", "start": 3269.39, "end": 3270.17, "text": "That's the first thing.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-004", "start": 3270.67, "end": 3275.31, "text": "Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-005", "start": 3275.75, "end": 3276.85, "text": "Does that make sense guys?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-006", "start": 3277.75, "end": 3280.89, "text": "Meaning like men care about rules.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-007", "start": 3281.23, "end": 3284.57, "text": "Right? Women care more about you as a person.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-008", "start": 3284.91, "end": 3291.81, "text": "Therefore, women are much better at managing people.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-009", "start": 3292.86, "end": 3293.92, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-010", "start": 3296.46, "end": 3305.51, "text": "Okay? The third thing is that men can use violence to coerce", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-011", "start": 3305.51, "end": 3306.01, "text": "other people.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-012", "start": 3306.11, "end": 3310.09, "text": "Right? Women are not as physically strong as men.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-013", "start": 3310.31, "end": 3313.45, "text": "Therefore, they have other strategies for controlling men.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-014", "start": 3313.71, "end": 3315.75, "text": "And the two main strategies are gossip.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-015", "start": 3316.83, "end": 3320.67, "text": "Okay? Basically, talking about you behind your back which forces you to", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-016", "start": 3320.67, "end": 3322.49, "text": "conform. But also, sex.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-017", "start": 3322.83, "end": 3330.44, "text": "Okay? So, if the woman spreads sex evenly among the men,", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-018", "start": 3330.74, "end": 3332.78, "text": "the men have no reason to fight.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-019", "start": 3333.12, "end": 3334.64, "text": "And if someone, the man,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-020", "start": 3334.74, "end": 3336.34, "text": "does something bad against the community,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-021", "start": 3336.68, "end": 3340.28, "text": "the woman can choose to not have sex with this man.", "word_count": 11 }, { "id": "seg-0046-chunk-022", "start": 3340.78, "end": 3341.1, "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "20425a990b33cf641860549ddc966d17645101f2ef4ecd878b22ac6d71676bd1", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0046", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=3263s", "time_label": "54:23", "tags": [ "monologue" ] }, { "id": "seg-0047", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right? Okay? So, let's conclude. Okay? Before the conquest of the Yanaya, all Europe was a peaceful egalitarian society. Okay? And a lot of the reason why is that women were given higher status in society. So, it was women who made the rules who were the political class in society. And because of that, women are able to use non -violent ways to control society. Making society much more peaceful and stable. Okay? Does that make sense, guys? Any questions? Excuse me? Okay. Okay. So, the question then, the question is, if people are not violent, how do you control society? Okay? And so, the way you control people is by, is through the idea of shame. Okay?", "word_count": 160, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-001", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3342.74, "text": "As a way to punish him.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-002", "start": 3343.2, "end": 3349.34, "text": "But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-003", "start": 3349.34, "end": 3354.32, "text": "people to conform to the rules of the society.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-004", "start": 3354.48, "end": 3356.19, "text": "Okay? Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-005", "start": 3356.21, "end": 3356.75, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-006", "start": 3361.13, "end": 3361.97, "text": "Any questions?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-007", "start": 3366.25, "end": 3367.67, "text": "This is confusing to you guys.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-008", "start": 3367.73, "end": 3376.82, "text": "Right? Okay?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-009", "start": 3376.92, "end": 3379.1, "text": "So, let's conclude.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-010", "start": 3379.4, "end": 3384.61, "text": "Okay? Before the conquest of the Yanaya,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-011", "start": 3384.87, "end": 3390.56, "text": "all Europe was a peaceful egalitarian society.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-012", "start": 3390.76, "end": 3394.42, "text": "Okay? And a lot of the reason why is that women were", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-013", "start": 3394.42, "end": 3396.32, "text": "given higher status in society.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-014", "start": 3396.74, "end": 3401.58, "text": "So, it was women who made the rules who were the political", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-015", "start": 3401.58, "end": 3402.8, "text": "class in society.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-016", "start": 3403.1, "end": 3408.58, "text": "And because of that, women are able to use non -violent ways", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-017", "start": 3408.58, "end": 3410.32, "text": "to control society.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-018", "start": 3411.35, "end": 3414.61, "text": "Making society much more peaceful and stable.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-019", "start": 3416.37, "end": 3417.57, "text": "Okay? Does that make sense,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-020", "start": 3417.65, "end": 3419.5, "text": "guys? Any questions?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-021", "start": 3433.24, "end": 3433.74, "text": "Excuse me?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-022", "start": 3436.13, "end": 3436.93, "text": "Okay. Okay.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-023", "start": 3436.99, "end": 3438.51, "text": "So, the question then, the question is,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-024", "start": 3438.69, "end": 3440.45, "text": "if people are not violent,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-025", "start": 3440.67, "end": 3442.01, "text": "how do you control society?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-026", "start": 3442.15, "end": 3447.99, "text": "Okay? And so, the way you control people is by,", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-027", "start": 3448.19, "end": 3449.67, "text": "is through the idea of shame.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0047-chunk-028", "start": 3452.34, "end": 3452.66, "text": "Okay?", "word_count": 1 } ], "text_sha256": "b9c133416a55ac3eb63d8df4f27841dd3337b4d67773a8557b2c77302292ff22", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0047", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=3341s", "time_label": "55:41", "tags": [ "answer" ] }, { "id": "seg-0048", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, like a girl wearing red, you tell her, you look fantastic. Okay? I guarantee within like two weeks, all the girls in the school will be wearing red. Does that make sense? So, you're controlling people, but you're not using violence. You're using the idea of gossip, shame, and flattery. And that's what women do really well. Do you understand? Okay. Does that, does that answer your question? Okay. Okay. So, any more questions? Yeah. So, you don't have to use violence. You can also use flattery. Okay? Right? Any more questions? Okay. So, next class, what we'll do is we'll look at the Yemnaya people. Okay? Because the Yemnaya people are violent, they love war, they're patriarchy, and they have private property.", "word_count": 163, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-001", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3456.67, "text": "Because everyone wants to get along.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-002", "start": 3456.99, "end": 3459.18, "text": "Okay? All right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-003", "start": 3459.24, "end": 3461.12, "text": "So, all right.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-004", "start": 3461.18, "end": 3462.34, "text": "Here's a fun experiment.", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-005", "start": 3462.7, "end": 3464.22, "text": "Okay? Here's a fun experiment.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-006", "start": 3464.52, "end": 3469.94, "text": "What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-007", "start": 3469.94, "end": 3475.34, "text": "and you see a person wearing red,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-008", "start": 3475.54, "end": 3476.82, "text": "like a girl wearing red,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-009", "start": 3476.84, "end": 3479.2, "text": "you tell her, you look fantastic.", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-010", "start": 3480.07, "end": 3484.34, "text": "Okay? I guarantee within like two weeks,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-011", "start": 3484.54, "end": 3487.16, "text": "all the girls in the school will be wearing red.", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-012", "start": 3488.82, "end": 3489.72, "text": "Does that make sense?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-013", "start": 3490.64, "end": 3493.76, "text": "So, you're controlling people, but you're not using violence.", "word_count": 9 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-014", "start": 3494, "end": 3498.41, "text": "You're using the idea of gossip,", "word_count": 6 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-015", "start": 3498.53, "end": 3500.51, "text": "shame, and flattery.", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-016", "start": 3500.55, "end": 3501.85, "text": "And that's what women do really well.", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-017", "start": 3502.62, "end": 3503.36, "text": "Do you understand?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-018", "start": 3504.95, "end": 3507.99, "text": "Okay. Does that, does that answer your question?", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-019", "start": 3509.06, "end": 3510.34, "text": "Okay. Okay.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-020", "start": 3510.34, "end": 3511.5, "text": "So, any more questions?", "word_count": 4 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-021", "start": 3514.33, "end": 3515.99, "text": "Yeah. So, you don't have to use violence.", "word_count": 8 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-022", "start": 3516.07, "end": 3517.37, "text": "You can also use flattery.", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-023", "start": 3517.43, "end": 3518.74, "text": "Okay? Right?", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-024", "start": 3520.39, "end": 3521.33, "text": "Any more questions?", "word_count": 3 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-025", "start": 3524.18, "end": 3530.08, "text": "Okay. So, next class, what we'll do is we'll look at the", "word_count": 12 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-026", "start": 3530.08, "end": 3531.12, "text": "Yemnaya people.", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-027", "start": 3531.4, "end": 3534.66, "text": "Okay? Because the Yemnaya people are violent,", "word_count": 7 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-028", "start": 3534.82, "end": 3536.98, "text": "they love war, they're patriarchy,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-029", "start": 3537.6, "end": 3539.68, "text": "and they", "word_count": 2 }, { "id": "seg-0048-chunk-030", "start": 3539.68, "end": 3540.88, "text": "have private property.", "word_count": 3 } ], "text_sha256": "337f22f751a0c458fd031af4feb030fff2f24248eb342e6062718eb02bf5a93c", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0048", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=3453s", "time_label": "57:33", "tags": [ "answer" ] }, { "id": "seg-0049", "source_ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "text": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class.", "word_count": 36, "timed_chunks": [ { "id": "seg-0049-chunk-001", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3542.9, "text": "The question then is, okay,", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0049-chunk-002", "start": 3543, "end": 3545.42, "text": "how do they come about?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0049-chunk-003", "start": 3545.58, "end": 3547.42, "text": "Okay? What's their origin story?", "word_count": 5 }, { "id": "seg-0049-chunk-004", "start": 3547.98, "end": 3552.02, "text": "And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe?", "word_count": 10 }, { "id": "seg-0049-chunk-005", "start": 3552.48, "end": 3555.12, "text": "Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class.", "word_count": 11 } ], "text_sha256": "9769c3328cc509b8cb2b16c1e1d9f5042bd4107570d71e3a6bc6d63feecc9bf9", "episode_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/", "transcript_url": "/episodes/predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm/transcript/#seg-0049", "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaT_ZUDjHrM&t=3541s", "time_label": "59:01", "tags": [ "monologue" ] } ], "interactions": [ { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang recaps the course's origin story: humans spread from Africa under climate pressure, early religion was animistic, and the Mother Goddess model made humans, animals, and plants part of one family.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He frames the week's problem as a historical reversal: if humans lived for most of history in a compassionate, egalitarian, artistic order, the lecture must explain how war, private property, and patriarchy appeared.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He introduces Proto-Indo-European by showing cognates such as father, mother, and two across European, Iranian, and Indian languages, then says linguists reconstructed a shared mother language and debated whether it spread from Anatolia or Ukraine.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "segment_id": "seg-0003", "start": 163.53, "end": 256.1, "time_label": "2:43", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So for many hundreds of years, many people have speculated that maybe English, German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost to us. This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European. And through..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "segment_id": "seg-0004", "start": 256.6, "end": 338.73, "time_label": "4:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then you look at the word mother, okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar, mat, okay? Also sounds very similar. So again, for hundreds of years, people have speculated that there was just one language. And if you look at thi..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He explains the linguistic method: words that survive in the reconstructed language reveal lifestyle. The vocabulary points to wheels, dairy, limited agriculture, and horses.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "segment_id": "seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "time_label": "5:38", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, o..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He says archaeology and recent DNA work have started confirming the hypotheses first generated from language.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "segment_id": "seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "time_label": "9:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang says DNA has confirmed the Proto-Indo-Europeans as the Yamnaya, links wheel vocabulary to an after-3500 BCE date, and presents dairy and lactose tolerance as central evidence.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0011" ], "kind": "exchange", "summary": "A brief classroom aside distinguishes ancient grassland milk from modern factory milk, after a student appears to ask about drinking milk today.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang with a brief student prompt folded into the transcript", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0011", "segment_id": "seg-0011", "start": 824.48, "end": 894.61, "time_label": "13:44", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The milk we drink today comes from cows that were raised in factories. And we inject a lot of drugs and hormones into these cows. Did you understand? No, no, no, if you drink milk a lot, your bones will be healthier and..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He describes horse domestication as a long struggle against equine excitability, then says horse plus wheel produced the wagon and a mobile pastoralist way of life.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "segment_id": "seg-0012", "start": 894.61, "end": 968.17, "time_label": "14:54", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed to run away if it sees danger a human being and it took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020 bc to domesticate the horse because it..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He introduces the debate over how Proto-Indo-European spread: violent conquest versus cultural diffusion, then says recent DNA evidence supports conquest and genocide.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "segment_id": "seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "time_label": "17:13", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "kind": "answer", "summary": "Jiang answers a student question about conquest versus diffusion: conquest eradicates genes, while diffusion leaves the conquered or influenced population genetically present.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang answering a student question he restates", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang shifts from the Yamnaya to Europe before conquest, tracing agriculture from warmer Near Eastern and Anatolian regions into Europe through climate and soil pressure.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "segment_id": "seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "time_label": "20:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "segment_id": "seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "time_label": "22:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He distinguishes two migrations into Europe: farmers from Anatolia and later Yamnaya pastoralists from the steppe, with the second to be treated in the next class.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He introduces Gimbutas and the Kurgan hypothesis through burial contrast: farmers buried together without weapons versus Yamnaya buried alone with weapons, cattle, and horses.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0023", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "kind": "exchange", "summary": "Jiang asks why scholars laughed at Gimbutas's claim that Europe had been women-governed, artistic, peaceful, and egalitarian; he uses the class response to identify male scholarly prejudice, assumptions about permanent war, and assumptions that money is the only motivation.", "speaker_attribution": "Mostly Jiang; brief student response is audible only as an uptake around 'Excuse me?'", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "segment_id": "seg-0022", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1651.79, "time_label": "27:12", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "before these Yanaya came to Europe, Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman, and it was artistic, and it was peaceful, and it was egalitarian. Why would people laugh at her? Yeah, they don't believe in h..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0023", "segment_id": "seg-0023", "start": 1656.55, "end": 1660.07, "time_label": "27:36", "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "excerpt": "Excuse me?" }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang states Gimbutas's radical thesis: from roughly 6500 to 2500 BCE, Old Europe was ruled by women and was peaceful, egalitarian, and artistic; he then introduces her books and Mother Goddess theory.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028" ], "kind": "reading-quoted-material", "summary": "He reads and paraphrases Gimbutas on the Goddess as unity of life in nature, then glosses the culture as sacred, nonviolent by choice, creative, stable, and art-centered.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang reading and interpreting Gimbutas", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He contrasts conventional economic writing in Sumeria with Gimbutas's claim that earlier Old European writing served religious and artistic communication with the Mother Goddess.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice with a brief non-substantive interjection", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "segment_id": "seg-0029", "start": 2007.3, "end": 2012.02, "time_label": "33:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, for example, okay, here's a clay, and I say this." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030", "segment_id": "seg-0030", "start": 2019.91, "end": 2020.35, "time_label": "33:39", "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "excerpt": "Okay?" }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "segment_id": "seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "time_label": "33:40", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sens..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He turns to symbolic inversions: snakes signify life and regeneration, and black signifies fertility, damp caves, rich soil, and the womb rather than evil or death.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "segment_id": "seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "time_label": "34:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, i..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang completes the black/white symbolic inversion, then moves into the most controversial difference: women's bodily and sexual agency versus modern marital ownership and sexual taboos.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He gives biological and primate examples for female sexual agency, including rhesus monkeys, bonobos, female-female sex as unity, and cultures where females initiate sex.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "segment_id": "seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "time_label": "38:39", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women wan..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He argues that gender hierarchy and racial color symbolism are cultural constructions: plow agriculture lowered female participation, and white-good/black-bad came from race ideology used to justify European conquest.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "segment_id": "seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "time_label": "41:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He uses Sex at Dawn, human anatomy, polyandry, Mother Goddess religion, and Melanesian semen-energy beliefs to argue that for much of human history sex and child care were organized around community rather than genetic ownership.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "segment_id": "seg-0038", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2677.15, "time_label": "42:56", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, the question then is, why is this the case? And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners, the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward. Does that make sense, guys? Okay? And so this..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "segment_id": "seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "time_label": "44:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang extends the sexual-agency argument into child care and communal intimacy: if fatherhood is uncertain, all adults protect all children, and multiple sexual partners can build community.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "segment_id": "seg-0042", "start": 2928.33, "end": 2999.793, "time_label": "48:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "If you're a small community, okay, maybe 15, 20 people, it makes sense to make sure that everyone loves each other and everyone will protect all the children. Does it make sense guys? All right. So, let me tell you to i..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "kind": "answer", "summary": "A student asks whether this older sexual order is backwards or primitive. Jiang answers that those categories are false and that modern sexual shame comes from private property and inheritance inside patriarchy.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang answering a student question he restates", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "He concludes Gimbutas's model by arguing that women in the political class made Old Europe more peaceful because they collaborate, compromise, manage people emotionally, and control behavior through nonviolent social pressure.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "segment_id": "seg-0045", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3263.19, "time_label": "53:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and collaborate. Does that make sense? So, men are competitive. We like status. We like power. But women are much more humble. So, women are much more likely to co..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "kind": "answer", "summary": "A student asks how a nonviolent society controls people. Jiang answers with shame, gossip, and flattery, using the red-clothing hallway experiment as an example of control without violence.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang answering a student question he restates", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "kind": "monologue", "summary": "Jiang ends by posing the next class's problem: where the Yamnaya came from and why they were so successful in conquering Old Europe.", "speaker_attribution": "Jiang lecture voice", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "speaker_notes": [ { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008" ], "note": "Continuous classroom lecture. The repeated 'does that make sense' and prompt questions are Jiang's teaching cadence, not independent public questions.", "suggested_speaker": "Jiang", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "segment_id": "seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "time_label": "9:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "note": "Two student interventions are audible only through Jiang's uptake: one about milk and one about conquest versus diffusion.", "suggested_speaker": null, "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0023" ], "note": "Very short unclear span, likely Jiang or a student during an exchange. It does not carry independent semantic content.", "suggested_speaker": null, "confidence": "low", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0023", "segment_id": "seg-0023", "start": 1656.55, "end": 1660.07, "time_label": "27:36", "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "excerpt": "Excuse me?" } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030" ], "note": "The one-word 'Okay?' segment is diarization/noise-level classroom flow and does not carry independent semantic content.", "suggested_speaker": null, "confidence": "low", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030", "segment_id": "seg-0030", "start": 2019.91, "end": 2020.35, "time_label": "33:39", "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "excerpt": "Okay?" } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "note": "The packet is continuous Jiang lecture with classroom prompts. No independent student question is recoverable inside the focus refs.", "suggested_speaker": "Jiang", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047" ], "note": "The substantive student questions are not transcribed verbatim as independent turns; Jiang restates them as 'is this backwards or primitive?' and 'if people are not violent, how do you control society?'", "suggested_speaker": "student/audience question restated by Jiang", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "note": "Closing lecture transition by Jiang; no independent audience question appears in the segment.", "suggested_speaker": "Jiang", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "claims": [ { "claim": "Jiang presents early human religion as animistic: humans, animals, and plants all come from one Mother Goddess source, which grounds an egalitarian and compassionate social order.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "temporal_scope": "Course model as stated in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "animism", "egalitarianism", "old-europe" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The lecture's central historical problem is how war, private property, and patriarchy emerged after a long period Jiang characterizes as mostly egalitarian, peaceful, and artistic.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "temporal_scope": "Framing claim in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "patriarchy", "private-property", "war", "civilization-origin" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Proto-Indo-European is a reconstructed mother language behind European, Iranian, and Indian languages, supported by cognates such as father, mother, and two.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004" ], "temporal_scope": "Historical-linguistic evidence as presented in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "proto-indo-european", "linguistics", "cognates" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "segment_id": "seg-0003", "start": 163.53, "end": 256.1, "time_label": "2:43", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So for many hundreds of years, many people have speculated that maybe English, German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost to us. This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European. And through..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "segment_id": "seg-0004", "start": 256.6, "end": 338.73, "time_label": "4:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then you look at the word mother, okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar, mat, okay? Also sounds very similar. So again, for hundreds of years, people have speculated that there was just one language. And if you look at thi..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The reconstructed vocabulary lets Jiang infer four traits of the Proto-Indo-Europeans: wheels, dairy consumption, relatively few agricultural terms, and horse domestication.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007" ], "temporal_scope": "Methodological model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "proto-indo-european", "wheel", "dairy", "horse-domestication" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "segment_id": "seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "time_label": "5:38", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, o..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says archaeology and DNA evidence have confirmed many hypotheses that linguists first generated from Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008" ], "temporal_scope": "Assessment in the 2024-09-10 lecture, referring especially to recent genetic work", "topic_tags": [ "dna-evidence", "archaeology", "linguistic-method" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "segment_id": "seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "time_label": "9:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Because wheel vocabulary belongs to Proto-Indo-European and wheels appear archaeologically around 3500 BCE, Jiang dates the first speakers after the invention of the wheel.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009" ], "temporal_scope": "Historical dating model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "wheel", "proto-indo-european", "dating" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang identifies the Yamnaya as the people behind the Proto-Indo-Europeans and says DNA evidence shows dairy and lactose tolerance were central to their diet and bodies.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "temporal_scope": "Archaeogenetic interpretation in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "yamnaya", "lactose-tolerance", "dna-evidence", "dairy" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The lecture says Yamnaya dairy consumption and protein intake made them significantly taller than farmers, with Jiang giving an average difference of about 20 centimeters.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "temporal_scope": "Claim about Yamnaya bodies in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "yamnaya", "milk", "height", "farmers" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says horse domestication took thousands of years because horses are biologically inclined to flee danger, and Yamnaya skeletons show riding-related changes.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012" ], "temporal_scope": "Horse-domestication account in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "horse-domestication", "yamnaya", "skeletons" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "segment_id": "seg-0012", "start": 894.61, "end": 968.17, "time_label": "14:54", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed to run away if it sees danger a human being and it took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020 bc to domesticate the horse because it..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Horse plus wheel created the wagon, allowing mobile pastoralism and helping Proto-Indo-European speakers spread language from Europe to India and Iran.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013" ], "temporal_scope": "Mobility model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "wagon", "pastoralism", "language-spread" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says the long debate over Proto-Indo-European spread has shifted from cultural diffusion toward violent conquest and genocide because recent DNA evidence shows many prior genes disappeared.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "temporal_scope": "Assessment in the 2024-09-10 lecture, looking ahead to the next class", "topic_tags": [ "conquest", "cultural-diffusion", "genocide", "dna-evidence" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "segment_id": "seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "time_label": "17:13", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says agriculture began in warmer, fertile regions such as Anatolia, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, then moved into Europe when climate and soil pressures pushed farming families outward.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018" ], "temporal_scope": "Deep-history account in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "agriculture", "climate-change", "migration", "anatolia" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "segment_id": "seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "time_label": "20:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "segment_id": "seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "time_label": "22:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The migrating farming families brought Mother Goddess religion into Europe, and Jiang links that religion to egalitarian, peaceful, artistic society.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018" ], "temporal_scope": "Old Europe model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "migration", "old-europe", "egalitarianism" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "segment_id": "seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "time_label": "22:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang describes European ancestry before and after 3000 BCE as a shift from farmer and hunter-gatherer mixture to the arrival of Yamnaya genes.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020" ], "temporal_scope": "DNA migration model as presented in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "dna-evidence", "farmers", "hunter-gatherers", "yamnaya" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The Kurgan hypothesis is presented as a burial-based contrast: communal farmer burials imply egalitarianism and little private property, while solitary Yamnaya burials with weapons and animals imply warriors, male domination, and private property.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021" ], "temporal_scope": "Gimbutas/Kurgan model as Jiang presents it", "topic_tags": [ "kurgan-hypothesis", "burial", "private-property", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Gimbutas was mocked because her theory challenged three modern-male assumptions: men always rule, humans always make war, and money is necessary to motivate work.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "temporal_scope": "Interpretation of scholarly reception in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "gimbutas", "male-prejudice", "war-assumption", "money" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "segment_id": "seg-0022", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1651.79, "time_label": "27:12", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "before these Yanaya came to Europe, Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman, and it was artistic, and it was peaceful, and it was egalitarian. Why would people laugh at her? Yeah, they don't believe in h..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang attributes to Gimbutas the claim that Old Europe was women-ruled, peaceful, egalitarian, and artistic for about 4000 years before conquest.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "temporal_scope": "Gimbutas thesis as Jiang presents it in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "gimbutas", "old-europe", "women-rule", "peace" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says the once-mocked Gimbutas thesis has now been confirmed by DNA evidence.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "temporal_scope": "Jiang's 2024-09-10 assessment of recent evidence", "topic_tags": [ "gimbutas", "dna-evidence", "kurgan-hypothesis" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Gimbutas's Mother Goddess is presented as a symbol of the unity of all life in nature, making animals, plants, water, stones, tombs, caves, birds, fish, hills, trees, and flowers sacred.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "temporal_scope": "Quoted and interpreted Gimbutas material in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "sacred-nature", "animism" ], "claim_type": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Old Europeans had metallurgy and the technical ability to make weapons and forts, but chose not to organize society around war.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "temporal_scope": "Interpretation of Gimbutas evidence in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "old-europe", "nonviolence", "metallurgy", "war" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Old Europe's social energy is described as flowing into tombs, shrines, temples, pottery, sculptures, creativity, and stability rather than war.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028" ], "temporal_scope": "Gimbutas/Jiang characterization of Old Europe", "topic_tags": [ "art", "temples", "stability", "old-europe" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang contrasts economic writing in Sumeria with Gimbutas's claim that earlier writing was religious: a way to communicate with the Mother Goddess and sacralize art.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031" ], "temporal_scope": "Writing-origin contrast in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "writing", "religion", "sumeria", "mother-goddess" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "segment_id": "seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "time_label": "33:40", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sens..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Old European symbolism reversed modern assumptions: snakes signified life and regeneration, while black signified fertility, damp caves, rich soil, and the Goddess's womb.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032" ], "temporal_scope": "Symbolic contrast in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "symbolism", "snake", "black", "fertility" ], "claim_type": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "segment_id": "seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "time_label": "34:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, i..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says modern marital norms treat a woman's body as belonging to her husband, whereas for most of human history a woman's body was understood as her own.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033" ], "temporal_scope": "Civilizational contrast in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-agency", "marriage", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Sexual taboos and the stud/slut double standard are presented as cultural tools for shaming women into proper behavior and controlling women's bodies.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "temporal_scope": "Jiang's diagnosis of modern patriarchal norms", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-taboo", "shame", "women", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang argues that female sexual agency is not biologically abnormal, citing female-initiated sex in primates, bonobo social sex, and cultures where females initiate sex with males.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035" ], "temporal_scope": "Evidence marshaled in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-agency", "bonobos", "biology", "female-agency" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "segment_id": "seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "time_label": "38:39", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women wan..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Plow agriculture is presented as a turning point: once men's labor contributed more materially, societies showed lower female participation in politics and labor, making gender hierarchy cultural rather than biological.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036" ], "temporal_scope": "Gender-history model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "plow-agriculture", "gender", "labor", "politics" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says the idea that white is good and black is bad is a recent racial construct developed to justify European imperial conquest.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037" ], "temporal_scope": "Cultural-construct argument in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "race", "imperialism", "black-white-symbolism", "cultural-construct" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "segment_id": "seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "time_label": "41:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Against the modern gene-first model, Jiang says Mother Goddess religion made all children communal responsibilities because all children belonged to the same sacred family.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039" ], "temporal_scope": "Anthropological model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "community", "children", "genes" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "segment_id": "seg-0038", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2677.15, "time_label": "42:56", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, the question then is, why is this the case? And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners, the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward. Does that make sense, guys? Okay? And so this..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "segment_id": "seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "time_label": "44:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang describes a belief system in which women give life and men give energy; under that logic, multiple male partners can increase the woman's or child's energy rather than threaten ownership.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "temporal_scope": "Example from Melanesian beliefs as presented in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "semen-energy", "melanesia", "sexual-agency", "community" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang argues that when fatherhood is not exclusive or known, responsibility for children spreads across the whole community.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041" ], "temporal_scope": "Anthropological model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "community", "children", "paternity", "sexual-agency" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Multiple sexual partners are presented as a way to build intimacy, mutual obligation, and child protection in small communities.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043" ], "temporal_scope": "Jiang's community model in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-agency", "community", "care", "intimacy" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "segment_id": "seg-0042", "start": 2928.33, "end": 2999.793, "time_label": "48:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "If you're a small community, okay, maybe 15, 20 people, it makes sense to make sure that everyone loves each other and everyone will protect all the children. Does it make sense guys? All right. So, let me tell you to i..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang rejects the categories backward and primitive, saying the course should show that those labels are not real explanations.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043" ], "temporal_scope": "Course-method statement in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "method", "primitive", "backward", "interpretation" ], "claim_type": "normative", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The lecture explains modern sexual shame through private property: patriarchal inheritance requires certainty about which children inherit.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "temporal_scope": "Diagnosis of modern patriarchy in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "private-property", "inheritance", "sexual-shame", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang presents Gimbutas's conclusion as women being part of Old Europe's political class, making Europe more peaceful through collaborative and nonviolent forms of social control.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047" ], "temporal_scope": "Conclusion of the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "women-rule", "political-class", "nonviolence", "old-europe" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "segment_id": "seg-0045", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3263.19, "time_label": "53:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and collaborate. Does that make sense? So, men are competitive. We like status. We like power. But women are much more humble. So, women are much more likely to co..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Nonviolent social control is modeled through shame, gossip, sex, and flattery rather than coercive force.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "temporal_scope": "Social-control model in the lecture conclusion", "topic_tags": [ "shame", "gossip", "flattery", "nonviolent-control" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The next lecture will explain the Yamnaya origin story and why they were successful in conquering Old Europe.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "temporal_scope": "Course-sequence pointer at the end of the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "yamnaya", "old-europe", "conquest", "next-class" ], "claim_type": "other", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "signature_moments": [ { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001" ], "moment": "The Mother Goddess makes the world one kinship system: humans, animals, and plants all come from one source.", "source_phrase": "we all come from one source, the Mother Goddess", "why_it_matters": "This is the lecture's first moral premise; peace and equality are not policy choices but consequences of a sacred family model.", "tone": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "moment": "The lecture turns human history into a fall: from Mother Goddess egalitarianism to war, private property, and patriarchy.", "source_phrase": "how is it that today we have war, private property, and patriarchy", "why_it_matters": "It gives the episode its Paradise Lost structure and makes Old Europe the lost height before conquest.", "tone": "reversal", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006" ], "moment": "Language becomes an archaeological instrument: a list of words turns into a picture of diet, technology, animals, and movement.", "source_phrase": "what these words tell us is the culture and lifestyle", "why_it_matters": "This is Jiang's method for moving from words to civilization before the lecture moves to DNA and burial evidence.", "tone": "method", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "segment_id": "seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "time_label": "5:38", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, o..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007" ], "moment": "Horse domestication is framed as overcoming panic: horses survive by running away, and civilization begins when that excitability is mastered.", "source_phrase": "If you see someone coming, you run away. This is what we call excitability.", "why_it_matters": "The phrase gives a bodily image to horse domestication and sets up the pastoralist power that will later destroy Old Europe.", "tone": "image", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "moment": "The Yamnaya do not merely drink milk; Jiang says they changed their bodies and became taller than the farmers around them.", "source_phrase": "they could basically all drink milk", "why_it_matters": "It makes diet a civilizational weapon: biology, cattle, and mobility start to explain domination.", "tone": "causal-chain", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013" ], "moment": "Horse plus wheel becomes the wagon, and the wagon becomes the technology of pastoral expansion.", "source_phrase": "they were able to put the horse and the wheel together", "why_it_matters": "The sentence compresses Jiang's mobility model into one memorable technological combination.", "tone": "causal-chain", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "moment": "The old diffusion story collapses into the brutal genetic test: if conquest happened, the previous people's genes disappear.", "source_phrase": "If I conquer you I eradicate your genes I kill you", "why_it_matters": "It is the lecture's harshest methodological definition and the bridge from language spread to genocide.", "tone": "provocation", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021" ], "moment": "The whole civilizational contrast is buried in the graves: farmers together, Yamnaya alone with weapons, cattle, and horses.", "source_phrase": "The people who are farmers are buried together... the Yanaya, they're buried alone", "why_it_matters": "It gives the abstract difference between egalitarianism and private-property patriarchy a concrete archaeological image.", "tone": "image", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "moment": "Gimbutas's offense was not only factual; she challenged the way men saw the world.", "source_phrase": "this radical idea that challenged the way that men saw the world", "why_it_matters": "This line turns the history of archaeology into part of the lecture's theory of patriarchy.", "tone": "reversal", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "moment": "The modern world assumes three constants: men rule, war is natural, and without money nobody works.", "source_phrase": "there's no way woman can be in charge... humans are meant to go to war... why would you do anything?", "why_it_matters": "Jiang compresses the worldview Gimbutas attacks into a memorable triad.", "tone": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "moment": "A mosquito, a bird, a cave, a fish, and a hill all carry the Mother Goddess's energy.", "source_phrase": "everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess", "why_it_matters": "It preserves the lecture's concrete version of animism instead of reducing it to a generic nature religion.", "tone": "image", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "moment": "Old Europe had the technology for weapons and forts, but Jiang says it chose not to make war.", "source_phrase": "They had the technology to build forts and make war, but they chose not to.", "why_it_matters": "The line is the episode's key rebuttal to the claim that war is simply human nature.", "tone": "reversal", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031" ], "moment": "Writing is not born as accounting but as a way to make art divine.", "source_phrase": "writing is a way to communicate with the mother goddess", "why_it_matters": "It turns a standard civilization marker into a sacred technology rather than an economic tool.", "tone": "reversal", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "segment_id": "seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "time_label": "33:40", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sens..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032" ], "moment": "Black is not evil but fertility: damp caves, rich soil, and the womb where life begins.", "source_phrase": "the color of damp caves and rich soil, of the womb of the goddess where life begins", "why_it_matters": "This symbolic reversal gives the lecture one of its strongest images of how culture teaches perception.", "tone": "image", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "segment_id": "seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "time_label": "34:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, i..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "moment": "Modern marriage is exposed as a property claim over the woman's body.", "source_phrase": "we assume the woman's body belongs to the husband", "why_it_matters": "It connects sex, patriarchy, and property before the lecture makes that link explicit near the end.", "tone": "provocation", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "moment": "The stud/slut double standard becomes the mechanism by which patriarchy disciplines women.", "source_phrase": "the best way to do that is by controlling the woman's body", "why_it_matters": "It preserves the lecture's blunt account of shame as a political technology.", "tone": "provocation", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039" ], "moment": "Before the individual, there is only the community: my child and my friend's child are both children of the Mother Goddess.", "source_phrase": "There was no concept of individual. There was only a concept of community.", "why_it_matters": "This is the lecture's deepest explanation for why sexual agency does not have to produce social chaos.", "tone": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "segment_id": "seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "time_label": "44:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "moment": "The maternal body gives life; male bodies supply energy, so more men can mean more energy rather than more shame.", "source_phrase": "the woman, she gives life. The man gives energy.", "why_it_matters": "The phrase carries the alien logic Jiang wants students to inhabit before judging old sexual customs.", "tone": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041" ], "moment": "A villager flips missionary shame back on Europe: French people love only their own children, but the tribe loves all children.", "source_phrase": "you French people love only your own children but we all love all the children of our tribe", "why_it_matters": "This is the most compact moral reversal in the sexual-agency section.", "tone": "reversal", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043" ], "moment": "Jiang refuses the student's categories: there is no backward and primitive, only different systems of meaning.", "source_phrase": "there's no such concept as backward and primitive", "why_it_matters": "It states the interpretive discipline the lecture demands before judging unfamiliar customs.", "tone": "method", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "moment": "Private property turns sex into an inheritance problem: if the wife has other partners, who gets the property?", "source_phrase": "then who gets the private property?", "why_it_matters": "It fuses the lecture's three villains - patriarchy, property, and sexual shame - into one question.", "tone": "question", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "moment": "The hallway red-clothing experiment makes control without violence visible: praise one color long enough and everyone starts wearing it.", "source_phrase": "within like two weeks, all the girls in the school will be wearing red", "why_it_matters": "It gives the abstract social-control model an everyday mechanism: flattery can govern behavior.", "tone": "image", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "moment": "The lost paradise ends as an unanswered conquest problem: what made the Yamnaya able to take Old Europe?", "source_phrase": "why were they so successful in conquering old Europe?", "why_it_matters": "It turns the episode's conclusion into the hinge for the next lecture.", "tone": "question", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "predictions": [], "models": [ { "claim": "Jiang presents early human religion as animistic: humans, animals, and plants all come from one Mother Goddess source, which grounds an egalitarian and compassionate social order.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "temporal_scope": "Course model as stated in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "animism", "egalitarianism", "old-europe" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The reconstructed vocabulary lets Jiang infer four traits of the Proto-Indo-Europeans: wheels, dairy consumption, relatively few agricultural terms, and horse domestication.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007" ], "temporal_scope": "Methodological model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "proto-indo-european", "wheel", "dairy", "horse-domestication" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "segment_id": "seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "time_label": "5:38", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, o..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Horse plus wheel created the wagon, allowing mobile pastoralism and helping Proto-Indo-European speakers spread language from Europe to India and Iran.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013" ], "temporal_scope": "Mobility model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "wagon", "pastoralism", "language-spread" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says agriculture began in warmer, fertile regions such as Anatolia, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, then moved into Europe when climate and soil pressures pushed farming families outward.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018" ], "temporal_scope": "Deep-history account in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "agriculture", "climate-change", "migration", "anatolia" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "segment_id": "seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "time_label": "20:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "segment_id": "seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "time_label": "22:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The migrating farming families brought Mother Goddess religion into Europe, and Jiang links that religion to egalitarian, peaceful, artistic society.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018" ], "temporal_scope": "Old Europe model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "migration", "old-europe", "egalitarianism" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0018", "segment_id": "seg-0018", "start": 1321.51, "end": 1407.73, "time_label": "22:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "What's another explanation why people wouldn't move? Exactly, thank you. Climate change, okay? The weather became a lot cooler during this time, make it harder for people to farm, okay? Also, they've been farming for a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The Kurgan hypothesis is presented as a burial-based contrast: communal farmer burials imply egalitarianism and little private property, while solitary Yamnaya burials with weapons and animals imply warriors, male domination, and private property.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021" ], "temporal_scope": "Gimbutas/Kurgan model as Jiang presents it", "topic_tags": [ "kurgan-hypothesis", "burial", "private-property", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang attributes to Gimbutas the claim that Old Europe was women-ruled, peaceful, egalitarian, and artistic for about 4000 years before conquest.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "temporal_scope": "Gimbutas thesis as Jiang presents it in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "gimbutas", "old-europe", "women-rule", "peace" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang contrasts economic writing in Sumeria with Gimbutas's claim that earlier writing was religious: a way to communicate with the Mother Goddess and sacralize art.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031" ], "temporal_scope": "Writing-origin contrast in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "writing", "religion", "sumeria", "mother-goddess" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "segment_id": "seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "time_label": "33:40", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sens..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Plow agriculture is presented as a turning point: once men's labor contributed more materially, societies showed lower female participation in politics and labor, making gender hierarchy cultural rather than biological.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036" ], "temporal_scope": "Gender-history model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "plow-agriculture", "gender", "labor", "politics" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Against the modern gene-first model, Jiang says Mother Goddess religion made all children communal responsibilities because all children belonged to the same sacred family.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039" ], "temporal_scope": "Anthropological model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "community", "children", "genes" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "segment_id": "seg-0038", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2677.15, "time_label": "42:56", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, the question then is, why is this the case? And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners, the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward. Does that make sense, guys? Okay? And so this..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "segment_id": "seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "time_label": "44:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang describes a belief system in which women give life and men give energy; under that logic, multiple male partners can increase the woman's or child's energy rather than threaten ownership.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040" ], "temporal_scope": "Example from Melanesian beliefs as presented in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "semen-energy", "melanesia", "sexual-agency", "community" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0040", "segment_id": "seg-0040", "start": 2755.02, "end": 2841.625, "time_label": "45:55", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? How they understood was, okay, you have the woman, she gives life. The, the man gives energy. Okay? Does that make sense? Therefore, what? If you believe this, then, what? If the mother gives life, the man gives e..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang argues that when fatherhood is not exclusive or known, responsibility for children spreads across the whole community.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041" ], "temporal_scope": "Anthropological model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "community", "children", "paternity", "sexual-agency" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Multiple sexual partners are presented as a way to build intimacy, mutual obligation, and child protection in small communities.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043" ], "temporal_scope": "Jiang's community model in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-agency", "community", "care", "intimacy" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0041", "segment_id": "seg-0041", "start": 2841.625, "end": 2927.65, "time_label": "47:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Any questions so far? I know this is controversial, but I'm just trying to show you how our cultural beliefs is radically different from the cultural beliefs of people in the past. Okay? Does it make sense? Okay. So, on..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "segment_id": "seg-0042", "start": 2928.33, "end": 2999.793, "time_label": "48:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "If you're a small community, okay, maybe 15, 20 people, it makes sense to make sure that everyone loves each other and everyone will protect all the children. Does it make sense guys? All right. So, let me tell you to i..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang presents Gimbutas's conclusion as women being part of Old Europe's political class, making Europe more peaceful through collaborative and nonviolent forms of social control.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047" ], "temporal_scope": "Conclusion of the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "women-rule", "political-class", "nonviolence", "old-europe" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "segment_id": "seg-0045", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3263.19, "time_label": "53:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and collaborate. Does that make sense? So, men are competitive. We like status. We like power. But women are much more humble. So, women are much more likely to co..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Nonviolent social control is modeled through shame, gossip, sex, and flattery rather than coercive force.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "temporal_scope": "Social-control model in the lecture conclusion", "topic_tags": [ "shame", "gossip", "flattery", "nonviolent-control" ], "claim_type": "model", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "diagnoses": [ { "claim": "The lecture's central historical problem is how war, private property, and patriarchy emerged after a long period Jiang characterizes as mostly egalitarian, peaceful, and artistic.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "temporal_scope": "Framing claim in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "patriarchy", "private-property", "war", "civilization-origin" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says the long debate over Proto-Indo-European spread has shifted from cultural diffusion toward violent conquest and genocide because recent DNA evidence shows many prior genes disappeared.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "temporal_scope": "Assessment in the 2024-09-10 lecture, looking ahead to the next class", "topic_tags": [ "conquest", "cultural-diffusion", "genocide", "dna-evidence" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "segment_id": "seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "time_label": "17:13", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Gimbutas was mocked because her theory challenged three modern-male assumptions: men always rule, humans always make war, and money is necessary to motivate work.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "temporal_scope": "Interpretation of scholarly reception in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "gimbutas", "male-prejudice", "war-assumption", "money" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "segment_id": "seg-0022", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1651.79, "time_label": "27:12", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "before these Yanaya came to Europe, Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman, and it was artistic, and it was peaceful, and it was egalitarian. Why would people laugh at her? Yeah, they don't believe in h..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Old Europeans had metallurgy and the technical ability to make weapons and forts, but chose not to organize society around war.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "temporal_scope": "Interpretation of Gimbutas evidence in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "old-europe", "nonviolence", "metallurgy", "war" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Old Europe's social energy is described as flowing into tombs, shrines, temples, pottery, sculptures, creativity, and stability rather than war.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028" ], "temporal_scope": "Gimbutas/Jiang characterization of Old Europe", "topic_tags": [ "art", "temples", "stability", "old-europe" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0028", "segment_id": "seg-0028", "start": 1936.068, "end": 2007.06, "time_label": "32:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Instead, they built magnificent tombs, shrines, and temples, comfortable house in moderately sized villages, and created superb pottery and sculptures. This was a long -lasting period of remarkable creativity and stabil..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says modern marital norms treat a woman's body as belonging to her husband, whereas for most of human history a woman's body was understood as her own.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033" ], "temporal_scope": "Civilizational contrast in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-agency", "marriage", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Sexual taboos and the stud/slut double standard are presented as cultural tools for shaming women into proper behavior and controlling women's bodies.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "temporal_scope": "Jiang's diagnosis of modern patriarchal norms", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-taboo", "shame", "women", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says the idea that white is good and black is bad is a recent racial construct developed to justify European imperial conquest.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037" ], "temporal_scope": "Cultural-construct argument in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "race", "imperialism", "black-white-symbolism", "cultural-construct" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "segment_id": "seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "time_label": "41:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The lecture explains modern sexual shame through private property: patriarchal inheritance requires certainty about which children inherit.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "temporal_scope": "Diagnosis of modern patriarchy in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "private-property", "inheritance", "sexual-shame", "patriarchy" ], "claim_type": "diagnosis", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "other_claims": [ { "claim": "Jiang says Proto-Indo-European is a reconstructed mother language behind European, Iranian, and Indian languages, supported by cognates such as father, mother, and two.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004" ], "temporal_scope": "Historical-linguistic evidence as presented in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "proto-indo-european", "linguistics", "cognates" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "segment_id": "seg-0003", "start": 163.53, "end": 256.1, "time_label": "2:43", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So for many hundreds of years, many people have speculated that maybe English, German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost to us. This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European. And through..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "segment_id": "seg-0004", "start": 256.6, "end": 338.73, "time_label": "4:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then you look at the word mother, okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar, mat, okay? Also sounds very similar. So again, for hundreds of years, people have speculated that there was just one language. And if you look at thi..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says archaeology and DNA evidence have confirmed many hypotheses that linguists first generated from Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008" ], "temporal_scope": "Assessment in the 2024-09-10 lecture, referring especially to recent genetic work", "topic_tags": [ "dna-evidence", "archaeology", "linguistic-method" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0008", "segment_id": "seg-0008", "start": 567.57, "end": 637.35, "time_label": "9:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Horses are excited. So it took thousands of years for these people, the Proto Indo Europeans, to domesticate the horse, which means they could ride the horse. Okay? Does that make sense? So we don't know who these..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Because wheel vocabulary belongs to Proto-Indo-European and wheels appear archaeologically around 3500 BCE, Jiang dates the first speakers after the invention of the wheel.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009" ], "temporal_scope": "Historical dating model in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "wheel", "proto-indo-european", "dating" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang identifies the Yamnaya as the people behind the Proto-Indo-Europeans and says DNA evidence shows dairy and lactose tolerance were central to their diet and bodies.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "temporal_scope": "Archaeogenetic interpretation in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "yamnaya", "lactose-tolerance", "dna-evidence", "dairy" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The lecture says Yamnaya dairy consumption and protein intake made them significantly taller than farmers, with Jiang giving an average difference of about 20 centimeters.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010" ], "temporal_scope": "Claim about Yamnaya bodies in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "yamnaya", "milk", "height", "farmers" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says horse domestication took thousands of years because horses are biologically inclined to flee danger, and Yamnaya skeletons show riding-related changes.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012" ], "temporal_scope": "Horse-domestication account in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "horse-domestication", "yamnaya", "skeletons" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "segment_id": "seg-0012", "start": 894.61, "end": 968.17, "time_label": "14:54", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed to run away if it sees danger a human being and it took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020 bc to domesticate the horse because it..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang describes European ancestry before and after 3000 BCE as a shift from farmer and hunter-gatherer mixture to the arrival of Yamnaya genes.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020" ], "temporal_scope": "DNA migration model as presented in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "dna-evidence", "farmers", "hunter-gatherers", "yamnaya" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says the once-mocked Gimbutas thesis has now been confirmed by DNA evidence.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "temporal_scope": "Jiang's 2024-09-10 assessment of recent evidence", "topic_tags": [ "gimbutas", "dna-evidence", "kurgan-hypothesis" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Gimbutas's Mother Goddess is presented as a symbol of the unity of all life in nature, making animals, plants, water, stones, tombs, caves, birds, fish, hills, trees, and flowers sacred.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027" ], "temporal_scope": "Quoted and interpreted Gimbutas material in the lecture", "topic_tags": [ "mother-goddess", "sacred-nature", "animism" ], "claim_type": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0027", "segment_id": "seg-0027", "start": 1877.43, "end": 1936.068, "time_label": "31:17", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So everything in the world is sacred because it is blessed by the mother goddess. If there's a mosquito, don't kill that mosquito because it has the energy of the mother goddess. Okay? If you are walking on a, if..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang says Old European symbolism reversed modern assumptions: snakes signified life and regeneration, while black signified fertility, damp caves, rich soil, and the Goddess's womb.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032" ], "temporal_scope": "Symbolic contrast in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "symbolism", "snake", "black", "fertility" ], "claim_type": "definition", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0032", "segment_id": "seg-0032", "start": 2092.032, "end": 2164.85, "time_label": "34:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, these people are sophisticated. They invented writing. Okay. Now, I want to go over some of the cultural differences between that culture and our culture to show how stark the difference is. Okay? So, for example, i..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang argues that female sexual agency is not biologically abnormal, citing female-initiated sex in primates, bonobo social sex, and cultures where females initiate sex with males.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035" ], "temporal_scope": "Evidence marshaled in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "sexual-agency", "bonobos", "biology", "female-agency" ], "claim_type": "evidence", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "segment_id": "seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "time_label": "38:39", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women wan..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "Jiang rejects the categories backward and primitive, saying the course should show that those labels are not real explanations.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043" ], "temporal_scope": "Course-method statement in the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "method", "primitive", "backward", "interpretation" ], "claim_type": "normative", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "claim": "The next lecture will explain the Yamnaya origin story and why they were successful in conquering Old Europe.", "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "temporal_scope": "Course-sequence pointer at the end of the 2024-09-10 lecture", "topic_tags": [ "yamnaya", "old-europe", "conquest", "next-class" ], "claim_type": "other", "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "glossary_terms": [ { "term": "Conquest", "usages": [ "Jiang's genetic definition: conquest kills or displaces people so their genes do not survive into the present." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "segment_id": "seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "time_label": "17:13", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ] }, { "term": "Conquest versus diffusion", "usages": [ "The lecture's contrast between a first farmer migration that brings religion and agriculture and a later pastoralist migration associated with conquest." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." } ] }, { "term": "Cultural construct", "usages": [ "A social meaning treated as natural even though Jiang says it is historically produced, such as gender hierarchy, race, or black/white moral symbolism." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "segment_id": "seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "time_label": "41:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it w..." } ] }, { "term": "Cultural diffusion", "usages": [ "A nonviolent model of language spread through influence, prestige, and imitation rather than conquest." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0014", "segment_id": "seg-0014", "start": 1033.94, "end": 1103.02, "time_label": "17:13", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "confirm that these people actually existed and we are able to confirm that they um did spread the language around the world now the question the debate is how do they do so okay and there's two sides to the argument the..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." } ] }, { "term": "Emotional intelligence", "usages": [ "Jiang's second reason women leaders would be better at managing people: caring about persons rather than only rules." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." } ] }, { "term": "Excitability", "usages": [ "Jiang's description of the horse's tendency to flee danger, making domestication difficult." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0007", "segment_id": "seg-0007", "start": 498.36, "end": 567.17, "time_label": "8:18", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So these people, not only did they invent the wheel, but they changed their system, biological system, so that they became lactose tolerant. They now have the capacity to drink milk. Okay? Does that make sense? So whoev..." } ] }, { "term": "Gene-first model", "usages": [ "The modern assumption that people primarily organize mating and child care to spread and protect their own genes." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0038", "segment_id": "seg-0038", "start": 2576.632, "end": 2677.15, "time_label": "42:56", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, the question then is, why is this the case? And, one theory is that when women have multiple sexual partners, the men with the bigger penis will spread his gene forward. Does that make sense, guys? Okay? And so this..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0039", "segment_id": "seg-0039", "start": 2677.33, "end": 2754.92, "time_label": "44:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? That's why men want to have as many wives and children as possible, and women want to find the wealthiest husband. But, before most of human history, this was not true. Why? Why, guys? Okay. So, it has to do with..." } ] }, { "term": "Kurgan hypothesis", "usages": [ "Gimbutas's model, as Jiang presents it, that Old Europe was conquered by steppe Yamnaya/Kurgan pastoralists whose burial practices indicate warriors, property, and male dominance." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0021", "segment_id": "seg-0021", "start": 1565.46, "end": 1632.46, "time_label": "26:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The people who are farmers are buried together, okay? But the people who are farmers are buried together. The people of the Yanaya, they're buried alone. Not only are they buried alone, but they're buried with weapons a..." } ] }, { "term": "Mother Goddess", "usages": [ "Jiang's name for the animistic source of life that makes humans, animals, and plants one sacred family." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ] }, { "term": "Mythopoetic perception", "usages": [ "Gimbutas's phrase, quoted in the lecture, for perceiving sacredness and mystery in all earthly life." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." } ] }, { "term": "Nomadic pastoralists", "usages": [ "Mobile herding communities who move cattle and sheep by loading belongings into wagons and following grass." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0013", "segment_id": "seg-0013", "start": 968.17, "end": 1033.94, "time_label": "16:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "and as such they create the wagon the wagon meant they could move from place to place and they they became what we call nomadic pastures pastoralists okay so have you guys been to mongolia have you guys been to mongolia..." } ] }, { "term": "Nonviolent social control", "usages": [ "Control through gossip, shame, sex, and flattery rather than physical coercion." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ] }, { "term": "Old Europe", "usages": [ "Maria Gimbutas's term, as Jiang presents it, for the high point of the pre-conquest Mother Goddess civilization in Europe.", "The pre-Yamnaya farming civilization Gimbutas described as women-governed, artistic, peaceful, and egalitarian.", "The pre-conquest European civilization whose loss frames the lecture's Paradise Lost structure." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0022", "segment_id": "seg-0022", "start": 1632.58, "end": 1651.79, "time_label": "27:12", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "before these Yanaya came to Europe, Europe was a place that was basically governed by woman, and it was artistic, and it was peaceful, and it was egalitarian. Why would people laugh at her? Yeah, they don't believe in h..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ] }, { "term": "Private property", "usages": [ "In this lecture, the property and inheritance system that makes paternity certainty and sexual shame politically important." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0043", "segment_id": "seg-0043", "start": 2999.793, "end": 3112.43, "time_label": "49:59", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And the way you build intimacy and community is by sleeping with each other's wife. So you became one big family. Okay? Does it make sense guys? Any questions so far? I know this is controversial. I know this is hard to..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0044", "segment_id": "seg-0044", "start": 3112.53, "end": 3188.085, "time_label": "51:52", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? We have three kids. Okay? I want my three kids to inherit the money. Right? But, if my wife goes to sleep with other people, then who gets the private property? So, in other words, we have the idea of sex as shame..." } ] }, { "term": "Proto-Indo-European", "usages": [ "A reconstructed lost mother language behind many European, Iranian, and Indian languages." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0003", "segment_id": "seg-0003", "start": 163.53, "end": 256.1, "time_label": "2:43", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So for many hundreds of years, many people have speculated that maybe English, German, Greek, Latin, all came from the same language that's been lost to us. This is a language we call Proto -Indo -European. And through..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0004", "segment_id": "seg-0004", "start": 256.6, "end": 338.73, "time_label": "4:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then you look at the word mother, okay? Mother, matar, matara, madar, mat, okay? Also sounds very similar. So again, for hundreds of years, people have speculated that there was just one language. And if you look at thi..." } ] }, { "term": "Sacred writing", "usages": [ "Writing used to communicate with the Mother Goddess and make art divine, contrasted with economic record-keeping." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0031", "segment_id": "seg-0031", "start": 2020.65, "end": 2092.032, "time_label": "33:40", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, this is writing, right? What does this mean? It means, like, these two people, this family of two, will get two bushes of wheat from one tree, and two baskets of bread for their work today. Okay? Does that make sens..." } ] }, { "term": "Sexual agency", "usages": [ "The capacity of women to choose sexual partners and initiate sex, contrasted with patriarchal ownership of women's bodies." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0033", "segment_id": "seg-0033", "start": 2165.35, "end": 2225.72, "time_label": "36:05", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "White on the other hand, was the color of death, of bones. Okay? Does that make sense? So, back then, for most of human history, we thought that white was bad because it symbolized death, and black was good because it s..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "segment_id": "seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "time_label": "38:39", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women wan..." } ] }, { "term": "Sexual taboos", "usages": [ "Rules and shame codes Jiang says discipline women into patriarchal standards of proper behavior." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0034", "segment_id": "seg-0034", "start": 2226.08, "end": 2319.19, "time_label": "37:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? But for most of human history, this was not true. Okay? All right. So, you look at sexual taboos today. Okay? Why do we have sexual taboos? To shame woman into proper behavior. Okay? So, for..." } ] }, { "term": "Shame", "usages": [ "A nonviolent means of making people conform because everyone wants to get along." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0047", "segment_id": "seg-0047", "start": 3341.68, "end": 3452.66, "time_label": "55:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "As a way to punish him. But this is all very subtle and non -violent ways of forcing people to conform to the rules of the society. Okay? Okay? Does that make sense? Any questions? This is confusing to you guys. Right?..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ] }, { "term": "The Civilization of the Goddess", "usages": [ "The Gimbutas book Jiang reads from while presenting the Mother Goddess as unity of life in nature." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0026", "segment_id": "seg-0026", "start": 1806.57, "end": 1877.17, "time_label": "30:06", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So her main theory is that Europe at that time, their main belief is in the mother goddess who gives life to everything. Okay? And so what she did was she went and she dug up their graves to look at their art. And..." } ] }, { "term": "The Language of the Goddess", "usages": [ "One of the Gimbutas books Jiang names as foundational for her Old Europe theory." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ] }, { "term": "Yamnaya", "usages": [ "The steppe pastoralists Jiang identifies with the Proto-Indo-Europeans; the transcript renders the name variably as Yanaya, Anaya, and Yemnaya." ], "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015" ], "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." } ] } ], "chronology_notes": [ { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002" ], "note": "This episode states the premise for a course sequence: today's class treats Old Europe's height, while later/next classes explain conquest and transformation.", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0002", "segment_id": "seg-0002", "start": 76.57, "end": 163.53, "time_label": "1:16", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And we are all the children of the Mother Goddess, including animals, plants. And because of this, we were a very compassionate people that were egalitarian. There was no difference between men and women. That was peace..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016" ], "note": "Jiang explicitly reserves the DNA case for the next class; this episode uses it mainly to frame why today's lecture focuses on Europe before conquest.", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0016", "segment_id": "seg-0016", "start": 1168.48, "end": 1248.54, "time_label": "19:28", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "was conquered and how it was changed because of a conquest okay any questions so far okay so so the so so there's a good question okay the question is what's the difference between conquest and diffusion okay the answer..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020" ], "note": "The lecture distinguishes the farmer migration into Europe from the later Yamnaya migration; later synthesis should preserve that sequence rather than collapsing both into one migration.", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0019", "segment_id": "seg-0019", "start": 1407.73, "end": 1485.486, "time_label": "23:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first migration are farmers, okay? The second migration are pastoralists. And what I will show you next class is that we will look at the DNA evidence, okay? So if you look at the DNA of people today, what you will..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "note": "Jiang gives Old Europe a rough window of 6500 BCE to 2500 BCE before conquest; preserve the range as his lecture framing rather than a precise canon date until sourced separately.", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037" ], "note": "Jiang's 'recent construct' claim about race and black/white symbolism should remain dated to this lecture and checked before promotion, especially because the transcript says '20 years ago.'", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "medium", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0037", "segment_id": "seg-0037", "start": 2501.645, "end": 2576.632, "time_label": "41:41", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "And they needed to justify why they were doing this. And the theory is because we're superior people. Our race is better than your race. Okay? Does that make sense? So, race is a recent cultural construct. And, um, it w..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048" ], "note": "The episode closes by projecting the next lecture toward Yamnaya violence, patriarchy, and private property; this is a course-sequence pointer rather than a standalone prediction.", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0048", "segment_id": "seg-0048", "start": 3453.69, "end": 3540.88, "time_label": "57:33", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Because everyone wants to get along. Okay? All right. So, all right. Here's a fun experiment. Okay? Here's a fun experiment. What you guys can do is every time you walk the hallways and you see a person wearing red, lik..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049" ], "note": "This is a forward pointer inside the course sequence, not a prediction about future events outside the lecture series.", "possible_update_to_prior_position": false, "confidence": "high", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0049", "segment_id": "seg-0049", "start": 3541.2, "end": 3555.12, "time_label": "59:01", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The question then is, okay, how do they come about? Okay? What's their origin story? And why were they so successful in conquering old Europe? Okay? So, that's the story we will look at next class." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ], "uncertainty_notes": [ { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001" ], "note": "ASR renders several site names phonetically; semantic extraction treats them as references to Ice Age paintings, Gobekli Tepe, and Catalhoyuk without changing the transcript.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0001", "segment_id": "seg-0001", "start": 0.85, "end": 75.96, "time_label": "0:00", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay, so the story so far is that 200,000 years ago, we humans, Homo sapiens, we were born in Africa. And then about 50,000 years ago, because of climate change, we started to spread around the world, okay? We went into..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006" ], "note": "Audience prompts such as 'what patterns do you see' and 'why is this strange' appear in Jiang's lecture flow; no separate substantive student question is recoverable in this packet.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0005", "segment_id": "seg-0005", "start": 338.73, "end": 424.532, "time_label": "5:38", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So any questions so far? All right. Now, the problem for linguists is how do you piece together the language, okay? Because this language is lost to us, okay? So this language is lost to us. And so what linguists did, o..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0006", "segment_id": "seg-0006", "start": 424.532, "end": 498.18, "time_label": "7:04", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The culture and lifestyle of the Proto -Indo -Europeans, okay? Does that make sense? So from these words, we're able to figure out four things about the Proto -Indo -Europeans. The first thing is that unlike other cultu..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015" ], "note": "ASR renders Yamnaya inconsistently as Yanaya, Anaya, and Yemnaya; semantic extraction normalizes to Yamnaya while refs preserve the transcript.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0009", "segment_id": "seg-0009", "start": 637.35, "end": 739.52, "time_label": "10:37", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that the Proto Indo Europeans existed, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence that they did exist and who they were. Okay? Does that make sense? All right. So, wheels. Okay? So again, they have five different wo..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0010", "segment_id": "seg-0010", "start": 741, "end": 824.2, "time_label": "12:21", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "They were able to develop hormones that allowed them to be lactose tolerant. Okay? Okay, in about 4500 BCE, very few people could drink milk. And by the time of the Anaya, about a thousand years later, they could basica..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0015", "segment_id": "seg-0015", "start": 1103.02, "end": 1168.48, "time_label": "18:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "that my language is superior okay so we call this cultural diffusion so think of english where okay okay china has not been conquered by the west but we want to learn english because we think that learning english will..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012" ], "note": "The phrase 'until 2020 bc' appears to be an ASR or spoken-date anomaly; the semantic pass preserves the broader claim without treating that exact date as reliable.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0012", "segment_id": "seg-0012", "start": 894.61, "end": 968.17, "time_label": "14:54", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "gene in the horse for excitability okay basically the horse is programmed to run away if it sees danger a human being and it took us about 3 000 years okay from 5500 bce until 2020 bc to domesticate the horse because it..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017" ], "note": "ASR says agriculture spread 'about 600 BCE'; context indicates Jiang likely means a Neolithic BCE date such as 6000 BCE, so the exact number should be checked before canon use.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0017", "segment_id": "seg-0017", "start": 1248.54, "end": 1320.87, "time_label": "20:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "time on this and we'll be spending a lot of time this today talking about her theories but what we know is okay remember the ice age and about 12,000 years ago okay now the planet is warming which allows for agriculture..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024" ], "note": "ASR renders Maria Gimbutas phonetically as Gumbutas/Gombatis/Gimbertas across the transcript.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0020", "segment_id": "seg-0020", "start": 1485.486, "end": 1564.96, "time_label": "24:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Then it spread from about 7000 to Europe, okay? And then the purple is the Yanaya people, okay? Who we believe were from Ukraine, the steppes, and they spread around the world. Next class, we'll discuss who the Yanaya w..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0024", "segment_id": "seg-0024", "start": 1665.3, "end": 1737.26, "time_label": "27:45", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Yeah, first of all, in universities, it's the men who are the professors, right? It's the men who are scholars. So there are many men who are like, there's no way woman can be in charge. They're idiots, okay? Why would..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025" ], "note": "The statement that DNA has 'proven' Gimbutas's broader theory should remain attributed to Jiang's lecture unless independently grounded.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0025", "segment_id": "seg-0025", "start": 1738.1, "end": 1806.45, "time_label": "28:58", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? For men, men have always been in charge. There's always been wars. And there's always been wealth and money to motivate people to work hard. Okay? And that's what men believe. And Maria Gumbotas said, no, that's n..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030" ], "note": "The transcript captures a visual classroom writing demonstration with minimal verbal content; semantic claims rely on Jiang's explanation in seg-0031.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0029", "segment_id": "seg-0029", "start": 2007.3, "end": 2012.02, "time_label": "33:27", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "So, for example, okay, here's a clay, and I say this." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0030", "segment_id": "seg-0030", "start": 2019.91, "end": 2020.35, "time_label": "33:39", "speaker": "UNKNOWN", "excerpt": "Okay?" } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035" ], "note": "ASR says 'Reese's monkeys'; context suggests rhesus monkeys, but the transcript was not rewritten.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0035", "segment_id": "seg-0035", "start": 2319.69, "end": 2407.27, "time_label": "38:39", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? Does that make sense? Okay? So this is just a cultural prejudice. There's no biological evidence this is true. Okay? All right. So, um, we have a lot of evidence that, um, women want sexual agency. Okay? Women wan..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036" ], "note": "The phrase 'race was invented about 20 years ago' is likely a speech or ASR anomaly; do not use the exact date without checking the source.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0036", "segment_id": "seg-0036", "start": 2407.39, "end": 2501.645, "time_label": "40:07", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? All right? So, at Harvard and UCLA, they discovered, okay, the moment they discovered the plow, agriculture, these societies have lower levels of female participation in politics in the labor force. Okay? Meaning,..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042" ], "note": "The World War II pilots example is presented in compressed lecture form and should be attributed to Jiang unless independently sourced.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0042", "segment_id": "seg-0042", "start": 2928.33, "end": 2999.793, "time_label": "48:48", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "If you're a small community, okay, maybe 15, 20 people, it makes sense to make sure that everyone loves each other and everyone will protect all the children. Does it make sense guys? All right. So, let me tell you to i..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] }, { "refs": [ "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046" ], "note": "Claims about women being more collaborative, emotionally intelligent, and nonviolent are Jiang's lecture model and should not be promoted as general canon without source-specific framing.", "refs_detail": [ { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0045", "segment_id": "seg-0045", "start": 3188.085, "end": 3263.19, "time_label": "53:08", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "The first reason is women are more willing to cooperate and collaborate. Does that make sense? So, men are competitive. We like status. We like power. But women are much more humble. So, women are much more likely to co..." }, { "ref": "video:predictive-history-rat-zudjhrm@transcript:v1#seg-0046", "segment_id": "seg-0046", "start": 3263.69, "end": 3341.1, "time_label": "54:23", "speaker": "SPEAKER_00", "excerpt": "Okay? So, that's one thing that women are better at. Women are better at collaborating and compromising. That's the first thing. Second thing is that women have more emotional intelligence. Does that make sense guys? Me..." } ], "lens_points": [], "lens_points_detail": [] } ] }